Abstract: The present invention is a method and system for making smoke beverages and foods using multiple condensation stages.

Abstract: A method for pre-shaping a major surface (21,22) of a semiconductor wafer (20) in preparation for polishing includes shaping the major surface (21,22) so that it has a concave shape. In a preferred method, an etching process is used to form the concave shape. The concave shape provides a starting wafer that is extremely flat after polishing.

Abstract: A single crystal ingot (10) is grown by first inserting a single crystal seed (14) into a melt (11) and pulling the seed (14) at a high pulling rate to grow a single crystal neck (15). The pulling rate is then altered to grow an overhang (18) with a diameter greater than that of the single crystal neck (15). An elongated body (19) is formed below the overhang (18) by adjusting the pulling rate. A multi-arm fixture (30) grabs the overhang (18) to alleviate the tensile and torsional stresses in the single crystal neck (15) that may be caused by the weight and the rotational motion of the single crystal ingot (10).

Abstract: An improved method for polishing a semiconductor substrate includes forming a protective layer (21) on one major surface (24) of a substrate (19) to form a protected side and polishing an unprotected surface (26) of the substrate (19) with a double sided polisher (11). During the polishing process, material from the unprotected side (26) is removed at a faster rate than material from the protected side. The method provides a single side polished substrate (19) with improved flatness characteristics. In an additional embodiment, polishing pads (13,23) having different surface contact characteristics are used to support process automation.

Abstract: A reduction in the number of impurities and defects on a semiconductor wafer is provided by cleaning the wafer in a hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and water solution. This HCl:HF:H.sub.2 O solution removes silicon dioxide as well as metallic impurities from the wafer surface, thus preventing the formation of defects on the wafer and increasing the quality and yield of semiconductor devices.

Abstract: A reduction in the number of impurities present in semiconductor wafers is obtained by gettering the impurities prior to mechanically lapping both wafer surfaces. Damage is created on both surfaces of the semiconductor wafer by the sawing of an ingot into many wafers. The impurities are then gettered to the damaged surfaces by subjecting the wafer to a high temperature. The subsequent lapping operation then removes the damaged regions along with the gettered impurities.

Abstract: A magnetic bubble domain memory device is provided that includes a magnetic bubble domain data chip having a major/minor loop organization in which one or more defective minor loops may be tolerated. Information in the form of a redundancy map is stored within the plurality of minor loops in a single page thereof, where a page is defined as one bit of information from the same virtual position on each of the plurality of minor loops. This redundancy map comprises firmware wherein the presence of a magnetic bubble domain within the designated page at a specified bit position identifies the particular minor loop corresponding to that bit position as a good loop, and conversely the absence of a bubble within the page at a specified bit position identifies the particular minor loop corresponding to that bit position as a defective loop.

Abstract: An error detection and correction method for digital data storage is described which comprises horizontal and vertical generation of parity check bits. These may be used to correct errors in up to two bits per word and to indicate whether all errors in a given record have been corrected during a read operation or not. Hamming codes are used to generate check bits in a vertical direction, while cyclic redundancy codes are used in the horizontal direction. The invention is described as embodied in a solid-state memory unit utilizing charge-coupled devices for data storage.

Abstract: This application discloses a method for generating and detecting address marks in data fields which are not provided with readily useful clock pulse means. The method comprises inverting portions of a digital word during writing of an address mark and reinverting words during reading of a record, whereby only inverted, i.e. address mark portions, of said word provide an indication of error-free reading during a read operation provided with error detection means.

Abstract: A container adapted to contain a beverage or other goods is provided with an easy open top by a disk juxtaposed to a hole in the container lid and welded to the container lid by a ring weld circumscribing the hole. Access to the contents of the container is attained by pushing the disk into the container whereby the disk tears along the weld and does not separate from the lid.

Abstract: A container adapted to contain a beverage or other goods is provided with an easy open top by a disk juxtaposed to a hole in the container lid and welded to the container lid by a ring weld circumscribing the hole. Access to the contents of the container is attained by pushing the disk into the container whereby the disk tears along the weld and does not separate from the lid.