Abstract: Surface tracking systems and methods for tracking a first wellbore relative to a non-geological target in a subterranean formation by determining characteristics of gravity anomalies related to the first wellbore and the non-geological target. The system includes a gravity sensor located at the Earth's surface and an information handling system operable to analyze the first and second gravity anomalies to determine a position and the trajectory of the first wellbore relative to the non-geological target. The systems and methods may also include the ability steer a trajectory of the first wellbore relative to the non-geological target.

Abstract: A method for evaluating a sealing material positioned between a casing of a wellbore and a subsurface formation in which the wellbore is formed includes emitting an acoustic waveform outward from a position within the casing and detecting a return waveform that is generated in response to the acoustic waveform interacting with a region of interest that includes at least a portion of the sealing material. The method includes determining a first time window of the return waveform associated with the region of interest and trimming the return waveform based on the first time window. The method further includes determining a first spectral power density for the first time window of the trimmed return waveform and determining a composition ratio for the region of interest based on the first spectral power density.

Abstract: Through-tubing, cased-hole sealed material density can be evaluated using gamma ray measurements. Density evaluation comprises detecting, by at least one detector positioned within a casing of a wellbore including a sealing material positioned between the casing and a subsurface formation, electromagnetic radiation generated in response to nuclear radiation being emitted outward toward the subsurface formation, determining an electromagnetic radiation count based on the detected electromagnetic radiation, selecting at least one of a first reference material having a density that is less than a density of the sealing material and a second reference material having a density that is greater than the density of the sealing material, adjusting the electromagnetic radiation count based on the density of the at least one of the first reference material and the second reference material, and determining a density of the sealing material based on the adjusted electromagnetic radiation count.

Abstract: A nuclear density tool may comprise a gamma source, a gamma detector, wherein the gamma detector and the gamma source are disposed on a longitudinal axis of the nuclear density tool, and a housing, wherein the gamma source and the gamma detector are disposed in the housing. The nuclear density tool may further comprise a first cutout in the housing positioned to allow the gamma source to emit an energy through the housing and a second cutout in the housing posited to allow the gamma detector to detect the energy through the housing.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject technology relate to determining a holdup measurement based on a gamma spectrum through machine learning. A spectral image based on a gamma spectrum generated downhole in a wellbore can be accessed. A component of a holdup measurement for the wellbore can be classified into a specific quantized level through application of a machine learning classification model to the spectral image. A continuous value for the component of the holdup measurement for the wellbore can be quantified by applying a machine learning quantization model associated with the quantized level.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject technology relate to performing gamma spectral analysis based on machine learning. Gamma spectrum data, which can be associated with a gamma spectrum can be gathered. The gamma spectrum data can include an energy channel and a count rate for gamma rays detected by one or more gamma detectors. A spectral image can be constructed based on the gamma spectrum data. One or more machine learning models can be trained based on the spectral image. Additionally, one or more features of the gamma spectrum can be extracted from the spectral image through the one or more machine learning models.

Abstract: A method and system for determining a density. The method may comprise disposing a nuclear density tool into a wellbore, performing a spectral deconvolution, determining an energy channel for a first measurement layer, recording a count rate with the gamma detector for the first measurement layer, applying a slope operator to the count rate, and identifying a first density of the first measurement layer. The system may comprise a nuclear density tool that includes a gamma source and a gamma detector configured to record a count rate, wherein the gamma detector and the gamma source are disposed on a longitudinal axis of the nuclear density tool. The system may also comprise an information handling system.

Abstract: A method and system for determining a density. The method may comprise disposing a nuclear density tool into a wellbore, performing a spectral deconvolution, determining an energy channel for a first measurement layer, recording a count rate with the gamma detector for the first measurement layer, applying a slope operator to the count rate, and identifying a first density of the first measurement layer. The system may comprise a nuclear density tool that includes a gamma source and a gamma detector configured to record a count rate, wherein the gamma detector and the gamma source are disposed on a longitudinal axis of the nuclear density tool. The system may also comprise an information handling system.

Abstract: Systems and methods may utilize information collected by a pulsed-neutron logging tool along with modeling a characterization of a borehole to form a 3-stage correction algorithm. This algorithm may be used to find an oil, water, and gas holdup in the borehole. During operations, a pulsed neutron logging tool which emits neutrons to interact with nuclei inducing gamma radiation. The gamma radiation is detected into a response which may be correlated to the location of a holdup in a borehole by using the entire spectrum or ratios of selected peaks. In examples, a borehole density index may be implemented to complement the response and improve accuracy and measurement confidence.

Abstract: Systems and methods employed measure borehole density by neutron induced gammas using a pulsed neutron tool. Traditional nuclear density methods only measure a bulk average density of the surrounding material. As discussed below, methods to measure only the borehole density excluding the contamination from the formation are disclosed. Specifically, the proposed methods use unique signatures from each geometric region to directly measure the borehole density or compensate for the contamination from formation. This method may be achieved by a borehole density measurement using differential attenuation of capture gamma from casing iron, a borehole density measurement using differential attenuation of inelastic gamma from oxygen, a differential attenuation of any induced gamma from any element from borehole and formation, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining holdup in a wellbore using a neutron-based downhole tool. In examples, the tool includes nuclear detectors that may measure gammas induced by highly energized pulsed-neutrons emitted by a generator. The characteristic energy and intensity of detected gammas indicate the elemental concentration for that interaction type. A detector response may be correlated to the borehole holdup by using the entire spectrum or the ratios of selected peaks. As a result, measurements taken by the neutron-based downhole tool may allow for a two component (oil and water) or a three component (oil, water, and gas) measurement. The two component or three component measurements may be further processed using machine learning (ML) and/or artificial intelligence (AI) with additional enhancements of semi-analytical physics algorithms performed at the employed network's nodes (or hidden layers).

Abstract: A method for determining a density may comprise disposing a nuclear density tool into a wellbore. The nuclear density tool may comprise a gamma source and a first gamma detector, wherein the first gamma detector and the gamma source are disposed on a longitudinal axis of the nuclear density tool. The method may further comprise transmitting an energy from the gamma source, detecting the energy reflected with the first gamma detector, recording a count rate of the energy at the first gamma detector, and identifying a density of a first layer from the count rate, a mass attenuation coefficient, and a source-to-detector distance. A system for determining a density may comprise a nuclear density tool. The nuclear density tool may comprise a gamma source configured to transmit an energy and a first gamma detector configured to detect reflected energy. The system may further comprise an information handling system.

Abstract: This disclosure presents systems and processes to collect elemental composition of target fluid and solid material located downhole of a borehole. Waveguides can be utilized that include capillary optics to deliver emitted high energy into a container or a conduit and then to detect the high energy. A source waveguide can be used to emit the high energy into the target fluid and a detector waveguide can collect resulting measurements. Each waveguide can include a protective sheath and a pressure cap on the end of the capillary optics that are proximate the target fluid, to protect against abrasion and target fluid pressure. In other aspects, a pulsed neutron tool can be utilized in place of the waveguides to collect measurements. The collected measurements can be utilized to generate chemical signature results that can be utilized to determine the elemental composition of the target fluid or of the solid material.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a drilling parameter, a tool characterization parameter, and a formation model. The method includes generating a forward model of a tool response at a bed boundary using the one drilling parameter, the tool characterization parameter, and the formation model. The method includes predicting at least two azimuthal gamma logs using the forward model. The method includes determining that a difference between the at least two azimuthal gamma logs generates a confidence level that is greater than a confidence threshold. In response to determining that the difference between the at least two azimuthal gamma logs generates the confidence level that is greater than the confidence threshold, the method includes generating a well plan. The method includes outputting a command for controlling a trajectory in directionally drilling a wellbore within a formation associated with the formation model using the well plan.

Abstract: A method for controlling a machine during a transition from a service brake state to a parking brake includes receiving, by a control module, a request for activating a parking brake assembly. The method also includes transmitting, by the control module, control signals for activating a set of first brakes associated with a service brake assembly, a set of second brakes associated with the service brake assembly, and a clutch assembly. The method further includes controlling, by the control module, the set of first brakes for deactivating the set of first brakes. The method includes controlling, by the control module, the parking brake assembly for activating the parking brake assembly. The method also includes controlling, by the control module, the set of second brakes for deactivating the set of second brakes. The method further includes controlling, by the control module, the clutch assembly for deactivating the clutch assembly.

Abstract: A nuclear density tool may comprise a gamma source, a gamma detector, wherein the gamma detector and the gamma source are disposed on a longitudinal axis of the nuclear density tool, and a housing, wherein the gamma source and the gamma detector are disposed in the housing. The nuclear density tool may further comprise a first cutout in the housing positioned to allow the gamma source to emit an energy through the housing and a second cutout in the housing posited to allow the gamma detector to detect the energy through the housing.

Abstract: A method for determining a density may comprise disposing a nuclear density tool into a wellbore. The nuclear density tool may comprise a gamma source and a first gamma detector, wherein the first gamma detector and the gamma source are disposed on a longitudinal axis of the nuclear density tool. The method may further comprise transmitting an energy from the gamma source, detecting the energy reflected with the first gamma detector, recording a count rate of the energy at the first gamma detector, and identifying a density of a first layer from the count rate, a mass attenuation coefficient, and a source-to-detector distance. A system for determining a density may comprise a nuclear density tool. The nuclear density tool may comprise a gamma source configured to transmit an energy and a first gamma detector configured to detect reflected energy. The system may further comprise an information handling system.

Abstract: A method and system for determining a density. The method may comprise disposing a nuclear density tool into a wellbore, performing a spectral deconvolution, determining an energy channel for a first measurement layer, recording a count rate with the gamma detector for the first measurement layer, applying a slope operator to the count rate, and identifying a first density of the first measurement layer. The system may comprise a nuclear density tool that includes a gamma source and a gamma detector configured to record a count rate, wherein the gamma detector and the gamma source are disposed on a longitudinal axis of the nuclear density tool. The system may also comprise an information handling system.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer media for battery system management and non-linear estimation of battery state of charge are provided herein. Battery data is received for a time period over which a battery system has operated. The battery data represents the actual performance of the battery system over the time period. Sub-periods of charging or discharging can be identified in the time period. For the sub-periods of time, a curve can be fit to the battery data. Using the curves for the battery data for the sub-periods of time, an expected performance of the battery system, over a range of states-of-charge, can be determined. Operating instructions for the battery system can be provided based on the expected performance.

Abstract: A downhole tool and method of utilizing the downhole tool to make measurements in a wellbore formed in a formation and having different wellbore diameters. The downhole tool generally includes a tool body defined along a longitudinal central axis and having an internal passage extending longitudinally therethrough and an external pocket extending therealong; a sensor module having a sensor and being deployed within the external pocket; a spacer deployed in the external pocket, the spacer positioned between the sensor module and the tool body; and a clamp attached to the tool body, the clamp overlaying both the sensor module and the spacer to confine the sensor module within the external pocket. The spacer may have an inner concave surface engaging the sensor module and an outer convex surface seating in the external pocket.