Abstract: A sensor includes an anode, a cathode, an organic photoelectric conversion layer between the anode and the cathode and including one type of organic light absorption semiconductor as a photoelectric conversion material and not including any other type of organic light absorption semiconductor, and a hole auxiliary layer between the anode and the organic photoelectric conversion layer and including a hole auxiliary material. An energy bandgap of the organic light absorption semiconductor is about 1.90 to about 2.20 eV. A HOMO energy level of the organic light absorption semiconductor is the same as or deeper than a HOMO energy level of the hole auxiliary material. A difference between the HOMO energy levels is greater than 0 eV and less than about 1.00 eV. A difference between a work function of the cathode and a LUMO energy level of the organic light absorption semiconductor is less than about 1.00 eV.

Abstract: A composite structure comprises a dual-function material intermediate a conducting material and a semiconductor. The dual-function material comprises an organic material and at least one ionic species such that the organic material has both electronic charge transport properties and supports or chelates the at least one ionic species. The conducting material comprises an ohmic conductor, a semiconducting material or an ionic conductor. The composite structures are suitable for use in electrochemical devices such as photo-voltaic cells, photodiodes, batteries, electrodes, electrochromic devices and light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: Packaging including an oxygen-scavenging element including an activatable semiconductor, in embodiments, one or both of a photo-activatable semiconductor activatable by ultra-bandgap light or an electro-activatable semiconductor activatable by application of an electrical bias, which, when activated, acts to scavenge oxygen from its surrounding environment.

Abstract: A low-temperature fabrication method for fabricating a conformal metal oxide coating on a substrate, the method comprising the steps of. coating a surface of a substrate with a non-hydrolysed precursor solution of one or more moisture-sensitive metal alkoxides in an organic solvent at a temperature of less than 150° C.; and rinsing the precursor solution coated on the surface of the substrate in water at a temperature of less than 150° C. to hydrolyse precursor solution at the surface of the substrate and thereby form a conformal metal oxide coating on the substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for detecting metals or salts thereof in aqueous solutions, detectors for carrying out the methods, and processes for preparing the detectors. Exemplary metals include platinum, palladium, silver, mercury and gold.