Abstract: Apparatus for forming a vortex includes inner and outer wall structures. The inner wall has a downward flow passageway therewithin. A plurality of vanes are provided between the wall structures to induce a vortex to form from an upward flow of liquor through the annular passageway between the walls. The wall structures form a settling trough into which solid materials may settle and accumulate.

Abstract: An integral forced circulation evaporator apparatus which comprises an evaporating chamber, providing therein a liquid space and a vapor space, a heating zone containing vertically disposed heat exchange tubes, and a liquid receiving chamber, said evaporating chamber being surmounted on said heating zone, in direct communication with the upper ends of said heat exchange tubes, said liquid receiving chamber being surmounted by said heating zone, in direct communication with the lower ends of said heat exchange tubes; pump means horizontally disposed within said liquid receiving chamber for the circulation of liquid through said evaporator apparatus, partition means disposed within said liquid receiving chamber so as to form, within said liquid receiving chamber, a first section containing the intake side of said pump means and a second section containing the discharge side of said pump means, said partition means further being positioned such that the lower ends of a portion of the heat exchange tubes are in d

Abstract: A continuous integral forced circulation cooling crystallizer for the processing of fluids which comprises, in vertical disposition:A. an upper fluid holding chamber having an inlet and outlet for the fluid to be processed and having a partition means vertically disposed therein to provide an inlet section and an outlet section, the partition means being positioned so as to permit fluid flow between the sections at the lower region;B. a heat exchange chamber comprising a multiplicity of separate vertically disposed tubular elements a fluid inlet and outlet to permit the flow of a heat exchange fluid through the extra-tubular portion of the chamber, and a multiplicity of horizontally disposed baffles adapted to direct the flowof the heat exchange fluid through the extra-tubular portion of the heat exchange chamber; and flow ofC.

Abstract: An evaporation apparatus for use in the evaporation, concentration, and/or purification of solutions containing alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal chlorides, which apparatus has a liquid receiving chamber for the solutions being processed, a flow-through heating zone containing heat transfer elements, a separation chamber for forming a liquid-vapor mixture of the solution being processed, passageways connecting said chambers and said zones, and baffle and distribution means positioned within said chambers, zones and/or passageways, the improvement which comprises forming at least a portion of those surfaces of the said heat transfer elements, chambers, zones, passageways, baffle and distribution means of said apparatus which are in contact with the solution of said alkali metal hydroxide and said alkali metal chloride at temperatures in excess of about 50.degree. C of a ferritic stainless steel having the following composition:Carbon Up to 0.01% by weight Manganese Up to 0.