Abstract: A composition for removing silicone oils from a material and methods of using the same are disclosed. The composition and methods may be used to prepare a material for bonding. The composition may be a liquid cleaning composition including a strong base, a soap, an abrasive, and water.

Abstract: An electrostatic dissipative paint having a pigment. The pigment includes a composition according to the following formula: (Mg1?x,Znx)Ga2+yO4?? wherein the value of x is a value from about 0 to 1, y is a value from about 0 to 0.04 and ? is in the range of about 0 to about 0.03. An electrostatic dissipative coating system, a method for making an electrostatic dissipative coating, and a method for protecting a spacecraft is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrostatic dissipative paint including a plurality of particles having a composition selected from the group consisting of gallium magnesium oxide, gallium aluminum magnesium oxide and combinations thereof. The paint further includes an inorganic binder mixed with the particles to form a mixture. A method of making a thermal paint, a method of applying thermal paint and painted components are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrostatic dissipative paint having a pigment. The pigment includes a composition according to the following formula: (Mg1?x,Znx)Ga2+yO4?? wherein the value of x is a value from about 0 to 1, y is a value from about 0 to 0.04 and ? is in the range of about 0 to about 0.03. An electrostatic dissipative coating system, a method for making an electrostatic dissipative coating, and a method for protecting a spacecraft is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrostatic dissipative paint including a plurality of particles having a composition selected from the group consisting of gallium magnesium oxide, gallium aluminum magnesium oxide and combinations thereof. The paint further includes an inorganic binder mixed with the particles to form a mixture. A method of making a thermal paint, a method of applying thermal paint and painted components are also disclosed.

Abstract: A material has a mass of powder particles. The mass of powder particles includes controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles made of at least two constituent elements. Each controlled binary macrosegregated powder particle has a chemically binary structure wherein the chemical composition varies from one side to the other side of the powder particle. The controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles may be used in applications which conventionally employ homogeneous powder particles, such as paints, solar cells, and the like. A paint uses as its pigment the controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles whose compositions are within the chemical system Zn(Al,Ga)2O4, and an inorganic or organic binder. The controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles are made by chemical synthesis at temperatures below those conventionally used to prepare homogeneous particles.

Abstract: A component that is reflective for broadcast-frequency energy includes a nonmetallic substrate having a substrate surface, and a layered coating overlying and contacting the substrate. The layered coating has an electrically conductive layer overlying and contacting the substrate surface, and a layer of a white paint overlying and contacting the electrically conductive layer. The white paint is formed of a plurality of particles including a plurality of pigment particles. Each pigment particle has a composition of A[xAl(1?x)Ga]2O4(?D), A is selected from the group consisting of zinc, cadmium, and magnesium, D is a dopant selected from the group consisting of a cationic dopant having an ionic valence greater than +2 and an anionic dopant, the value of x is from 0 to 1, and the value of ? is from 0 to about 0.2. The paint further includes an inorganic or an organic binder mixed with the particles to form a mixture.

Abstract: A component that is reflective for broadcast-frequency energy includes a nonmetallic substrate having a substrate surface, and a layered coating overlying and contacting the substrate. The layered coating has an electrically conductive layer overlying and contacting the substrate surface, and a layer of a white paint overlying and contacting the electrically conductive layer. The white paint is formed of a plurality of particles including a plurality of pigment particles. Each pigment particle has a composition of A[xAl(1−x)Ga]2O4(&dgr;D), A is selected from the group consisting of zinc, cadmium, and magnesium, D is a dopant selected from the group consisting of a cationic dopant having an ionic valence greater than +2 and an anionic dopant, the value of x is from 0 to 1, and the value of &dgr; is from 0 to about 0.2. The paint further includes an inorganic or an organic binder mixed with the particles to form a mixture.

Abstract: A material has a mass of powder particles. The mass of powder particles includes controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles made of at least two constituent elements. Each controlled binary macrosegregated powder particle has a chemically binary structure wherein the chemical composition varies from one side to the other side of the powder particle. The controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles may be used in applications which conventionally employ homogeneous powder particles, such as paints, solar cells, and the like. A paint uses as its pigment the controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles whose compositions are within the chemical system Zn(Al,Ga)2O4, and an inorganic or organic binder. The controlled binary macrosegregated powder particles are made by chemical synthesis at temperatures below those conventionally used to prepare homogeneous particles.

Abstract: A solar cell has an active structure including a paint voltage source having a first paint layer structure comprising p-type pigment particles dispersed in a first-layer binder, and a second paint layer structure comprising n-type pigment particles dispersed in a second-layer binder. The second paint layer structure is in electrical contact with the first paint layer structure. The active structure further includes an electrically conductive contact structure having a first electrically conductive contact to the first paint layer structure, and a second electrically conductive contact to the second paint layer structure. At least one of the first electrically conductive contact and the second electrically conductive contact permits light to pass therethrough to the paint voltage source. A capacitive paint layer may be included to store electrical charge produced by the active structure. The active structure may be affixed to a support.

Abstract: A spacecraft protected by a coating comprises a spacecraft having an external surface, and a coating on the external surface of the spacecraft. The coating includes a binder that is an organic material or an inorganic material, and a plurality of pyroelectric pigment particles bound together by the binder. The coating initially includes a coating vehicle which is subsequently evaporated so that the coating is a solid. The coating has a thickness of from about 0.001 inch to about 0.020 inch where the binder is an organic material, and has a thickness of from about 0.001 inch to about 0.010 inch where the binder is an inorganic material.

Abstract: A spacecraft protected by a coating includes a spacecraft such as a communications satellite has an external surface and a coating on the external surface of the spacecraft. The coating is formed of a binder, and a plurality of pyroelectric/ferroelectric pigment particles, preferably ferroelectric particles, bound together by the binder. Each ferroelectric pigment particle includes a ferroelectric pigment material having a ferroelectric/paraelectric transition. The coating may also include active secondary particles and/or inert particles. The coating may operate in a passive mode or an active mode with the application of a bias voltage to the coating.

Abstract: A spacecraft protected by a coating comprises a spacecraft having an external surface, and a coating on the external surface of the spacecraft. The coating includes a binder that is an organic material or an inorganic material, and a plurality of pyroelectric pigment particles bound together by the binder. The coating initially includes a coating vehicle which is subsequently evaporated so that the coating is a solid. The coating has a thickness of from about 0.001 inch to about 0.020 inch where the binder is an organic material, and has a thickness of from about 0.001 inch to about 0.010 inch where the binder is an inorganic material.

Abstract: A paint is prepared by first preparing a pigment mixture by the steps of providing an electrically conductive paint pigment, providing an aqueous paint vehicle, and mixing and milling the paint pigment and the paint vehicle to reduce a particle size of the paint pigment and to form a pigment mixture. A liquid paint is thereafter prepared by the steps of providing an inorganic paint binder, and mixing and dispersing the pigment mixture in the paint binder without substantially reducing the particle size of the paint pigment. The liquid paint is thereafter applied to a surface and dried to form a solid paint.

Abstract: A spacecraft protected by a coating includes a spacecraft such as a communications satellite has an external surface and a coating on the external surface of the spacecraft. The coating is formed of a binder, and a plurality of pyroelectric/ferroelectric pigment particles, preferably ferroelectric particles, bound together by the binder. Each ferroelectric pigment particle includes a ferroelectric pigment material having a ferroelectric/paraelectric transition. The coating may also include active secondary particles and/or inert particles. The coating may operate in a passive mode or an active mode with the application of a bias voltage to the coating.

Abstract: A paint is prepared by first preparing a pigment mixture by the steps of providing an electrically conductive paint pigment, providing an aqueous paint vehicle, and mixing and milling the paint pigment and the paint vehicle to reduce a particle size of the paint pigment and to form a pigment mixture. A liquid paint is thereafter prepared by the steps of providing an inorganic paint binder, and mixing and dispersing the pigment mixture in the paint binder without substantially reducing the particle size of the paint pigment. The liquid paint is thereafter applied to a surface and dried to form a solid paint.

Abstract: A spacecraft protected by a coating includes a spacecraft such as a communications satellite has an external surface and a coating on the external surface of the spacecraft. The coating is formed of a binder, and a plurality of pyroelectric/ferroelectric pigment particles, preferably ferroelectric particles, bound together by the binder. Each ferroelectric pigment particle includes a ferroelectric pigment material having a ferroelectric/paraelectric transition. The coating may also include active secondary particles and/or inert particles. The coating may operate in a passive mode or an active mode with the application of a bias voltage to the coating.

Abstract: An electric power system includes a layered semiconductor photovoltaic voltage source, and an electrical conductor structure having two electrically conductive contacts to the voltage source structure. A capacitor is in electrical communication with one of the electrically conductive contacts. The capacitor includes a capacitive paint layer structure comprising capacitive pigment particles dispersed in a capacitive layer binder. A first side of the capacitive paint layer structure is deposited in facing contact to the second electrically conductive contact. A capacitor electrically conductive contact is in electrical communication with a second side of the capacitive paint layer structure remote from the first side.

Abstract: An electric power system includes a layered semiconductor photovoltaic voltage source, and an electrical conductor structure having two electrically conductive contacts to the voltage source structure. A capacitor is in electrical communication with one of the electrically conductive contacts. The capacitor includes a capacitive paint layer structure comprising capacitive pigment particles dispersed in a capacitive layer binder. A first side of the capacitive paint layer structure is deposited in facing contact to the second electrically conductive contact. A capacitor electrically conductive contact is in electrical communication with a second side of the capacitive paint layer structure remote from the first side.

Abstract: A solar cell has an active structure including a paint voltage source having a first paint layer structure comprising p-type pigment particles dispersed in a first-layer binder, and a second paint layer structure comprising n-type pigment particles dispersed in a second-layer binder. The second paint layer structure is in electrical contact with the first paint layer structure. The active structure further includes an electrically conductive contact structure having a first electrically conductive contact to the first paint layer structure, and a second electrically conductive contact to the second paint layer structure. At least one of the first electrically conductive contact and the second electrically conductive contact permits light to pass therethrough to the paint voltage source. A capacitive paint layer may be included to store electrical charge produced by the active structure. The active structure may be affixed to a support.