Abstract: Various examples are provided for flat lens antennas and their operation. In one example, among others, an antenna includes electrically thin (W<<?high), highly conducting, TEM mode antenna arms fed at a first end by a balun. The TEM mode antenna arms can be embedded in a spatially varied anisotropic dielectric material. A separation between the TEM mode antenna arms can increase from the first end to a second end where the TEM mode antenna arms transition to resistive card (Rcard) terminations when the TEM mode antenna arms are separated by a distance Hr, where a ratio of Hr to a height (H) of the antenna is in a range from about 0.2 to about 0.8.

Abstract: An arc bypass assembly for use in a circuit breaker includes: an arc chute including a base, two arc sides extending from the base, and a plurality of arc plates arranged within the two arc sides, the arc chute structured to dissipate an arc upon opening of primary contacts of the circuit breaker during a high current event; an arc horn extending outwardly from a first edge of the base of the arc chute toward a primary stationary contact coupled to a line-in conductor, the arc horn structured to attract the arc; and an arc bypass wire coupled to the base of the arc chute at one end and to a secondary stationary arm of the circuit breaker at another end, where the arc bypass assembly is structured to redirect a portion of current generated during the high current event to the load.

Abstract: A shield apparatus and a resultant circuit interrupter are disclosed, wherein the shield apparatus includes a shield apparatus base and a protection apparatus, with the protection apparatus including a shield that helps to direct an electrical arc along a flow path through a number of passages and that will help to enable dissipation of the arc and the plasma generated thereby. The shield apparatus is mountable to a portion of the housing of the circuit interrupter within its interior, and the shield is situated adjacent at least a first passage.

Abstract: Various examples are provided for flat lens antennas and their operation. In one example, among others, an antenna includes electrically thin (W<<?high), highly conducting, TEM mode antenna arms fed at a first end by a balun. The TEM mode antenna arms can be embedded in a spatially varied anisotropic dielectric material. A separation between the TEM mode antenna arms can increase from the first end to a second end where the TEM mode antenna arms transition to resistive card (Rcard) terminations when the TEM mode antenna arms are separated by a distance Hr, where a ratio of Hr to a height (H) of the antenna is in a range from about 0.2 to about 0.8.

Abstract: A shield apparatus and a resultant circuit interrupter are disclosed, wherein the shield apparatus includes a shield apparatus base and a protection apparatus, with the protection apparatus including a shield that helps to direct an electrical arc along a flow path through a number of passages and that will help to enable dissipation of the arc and the plasma generated thereby. The shield apparatus is mountable to a portion of the housing of the circuit interrupter within its interior, and the shield is situated adjacent at least a first passage.

Abstract: A trip cam assembly is for a multi-pole electrical switching apparatus. The trip cam assembly includes a first trip cam, a second trip cam, and an interconnect member coupled to the first trip cam and the second trip cam.

Abstract: A trip cam assembly is for a multi-pole electrical switching apparatus. The trip cam assembly includes a first trip cam, a second trip cam, and an interconnect member coupled to the first trip cam and the second trip cam.

Abstract: A housing assembly is for an electrical switching apparatus. The housing assembly includes a base, a cover, and only one single coupling member extending through the base and the cover in order to couple the base to the cover.

Abstract: An electromagnetic chamber absorber provided improved absorption across a wideband and both lower diffuse and specular scatter and a method for constructing the same. An exemplary device can compromise a periodic arrangement of disconnected electromagnetically lossy elements where the periodicity of the lattice is adjusted to suppress all or most grating lobe scattering. Because the electromagnetically lossy elements are disconnected, scalable manufacturing approaches are enabled. The lossy elements can be easily fabricated via shaping, which includes rolling, folding and cutting resistive and/or magnetic sheet materials. The lossy elements can be repeatably placed in a periodic lattice using low density scaffolding approaches and/or other alignment mechanisms. The absorption at the lower frequency part of the electromagnetic bands (below 1-2 GHz) can be improved via the addition of parallel lossy sheets into the low-density scaffolding.

Abstract: Various examples of methods and systems are provided for traveling wave spot probes. In one embodiment, among others, a traveling wave spot probe includes one or more antennas positioned proximate to a coated surface. The one or more antennas can be configured to excite a surface traveling wave moving over an area under test by launching radio frequency (RF) energy at approximately a grazing angle to the coated surface under test. The one or more antennas can be positioned on a base placed proximate to the coated surface. The base can define the area of the coated surface under test. In another embodiment, a method for non-destructive testing of a coated surface includes positioning one or more antennas proximate to a coated surface and exciting a surface traveling wave over an area under test by transmitting RF energy via at least a portion of the one or more antennas.

Abstract: The disclosed concept pertains to coating compositions, methods of applying the compositions, and coated components produced therefrom. The coating compositions include alkyd or modified alkyd. The coatings are formed on surfaces of one or more internal components positioned within an electrical system, such as a circuit breaker. In the event of electrical arcing and the metal splatter produced therefrom, the coatings of the disclosed concept are effective to at least partially protect the component surface from the metal splatter and to at least partially impart splatter resistance to the component surface such that the metal splatter does not tend to adhere thereto.

Abstract: An electromagnetic chamber absorber provided improved absorption across a wideband and both lower diffuse and specular scatter and a method for constructing the same. An exemplary device can compromise a periodic arrangement of disconnected electromagnetically lossy elements where the periodicity of the lattice is adjusted to suppress all or most grating lobe scattering. Because the electromagnetically lossy elements are disconnected, scalable manufacturing approaches are enabled. The lossy elements can be easily fabricated via shaping, which includes rolling, folding and cutting resistive and/or magnetic sheet materials. The lossy elements can be repeatably placed in a periodic lattice using low density scaffolding approaches and/or other alignment mechanisms. The absorption at the lower frequency part of the electromagnetic bands (below 1-2 GHz) can be improved via the addition of parallel lossy sheets into the low-density scaffolding.

Abstract: An electromagnetic chamber absorber provided improved absorption across a wideband and both lower diffuse and specular scatter and a method for constructing the same. An exemplary device can compromise a periodic arrangement of disconnected electromagnetically lossy elements where the periodicity of the lattice is adjusted to suppress all or most grating lobe scattering. Because the electromagnetically lossy elements are disconnected, scalable manufacturing approaches are enabled. The lossy elements can be easily fabricated via shaping, which includes rolling, folding and cutting resistive and/or magnetic sheet materials. The lossy elements can be repeatably placed in a periodic lattice using low density scaffolding approaches and/or other alignment mechanisms. The absorption at the lower frequency part of the electromagnetic bands (below 1-2 GHz) can be improved via the addition of parallel lossy sheets into the low-density scaffolding.

Abstract: Circuit breakers are provided including a pressure release valve. The pressure release valve includes a vent portion and barrier portion. The barrier portion is configured to open when exposed to excessive heat generated by an arc and allow gases to escape from the circuit breaker. Related electrical distribution panels and systems are also provided.

Abstract: A movable contact arm assembly is provided for an electrical switching apparatus, such as a circuit breaker. The movable contact arm assembly includes a first member, and a second member attached to the first member. The first member is made from a first material, such as steel, and the second member is made from a second different material, such as copper. The first and second members each include first and second ends. The first end of the first member cooperates with the operating mechanism of the circuit breaker. The first end of the second member is attached to the second end of the first member. A movable contact is disposed on the second end of the second member.

Abstract: A terminal includes a fastener; a conductor member having a plurality of protrusions on a surface thereof facing the fastener; and a collar member. The collar member includes first, second, third and fourth surfaces, a tapped opening on the first surface engaging the fastener, and a conduit between the second and third surfaces. The tapped opening intersects and coincides with the conduit and is normal thereto. The fourth surface is opposite the first surface and contains another opening that intersects and coincides with the conduit. The other opening receives the conductor member. The protrusions and the surface of the conductor member are structured to engage a stranded conductor having a plurality of individual solid conductors. The fastener is structured to engage the stranded conductor.

Abstract: Circuit breakers are provided including a pressure release valve. The pressure release valve includes a vent portion and barrier portion. The barrier portion is configured to open when exposed to excessive heat generated by an arc and allow gases to escape from the circuit breaker. Related electrical distribution panels and systems are also provided.

Abstract: A link assembly is for an electrical switching apparatus, such as a circuit breaker. The circuit breaker includes a housing, separable contacts enclosed by the housing, and an operating mechanism for opening and closing the separable contacts. The operating mechanism includes a movable contact arm. The separable contacts comprise a stationary contact and a movable contact. The movable contact is disposed on the movable contact arm. The link assembly includes a pivot assembly pivotably coupled to the movable contact arm, a link element pivotably coupled to the pivot assembly, and a biasing element, such as a spring. A first end of the spring is coupled to the link element, and a second end of the spring is coupled to the circuit breaker housing.

Abstract: A conductor assembly is provided for an electrical switching apparatus, such as a circuit breaker. The circuit breaker includes a housing having an interior and an exterior. The conductor assembly includes a first conductor member, a second conductor member, and a plurality of fasteners, such as rivets, mechanically fastening and electrically connecting the first conductor member to the second conductor member. The first conductor member is made from a first material, such as copper, and the second conductor member is made from a second different material, such as aluminum.

Abstract: Various examples of methods and systems are provided for traveling wave spot probes. In one embodiment, among others, a traveling wave spot probe includes one or more antennas positioned proximate to a coated surface. The one or more antennas can be configured to excite a surface traveling wave moving over an area under test by launching radio frequency (RF) energy at approximately a grazing angle to the coated surface under test. The one or more antennas can be positioned on a base placed proximate to the coated surface. The base can define the area of the coated surface under test. In another embodiment, a method for non-destructive testing of a coated surface includes positioning one or more antennas proximate to a coated surface and exciting a surface traveling wave over an area under test by transmitting RF energy via at least a portion of the one or more antennas.