Abstract: A system generates FIR laser radiation. An electron source generates an electron beam. A grating horn interacts with the electron beam to produce the FIR laser radiation. The grating horn may comprise a flat base and a pair of grating elements attached to the base, each of the grating elements being ruled with a grating period, the grating elements oriented in phase and in substantial symmetry about a normal to the flat base.

Abstract: A microwave reactor for processing a flow of a mixture, said reactor comprising a reaction chamber having an unpressurized interior and a reaction block disposed within the interior of the reaction chamber, with at least one antenna disposed within the interior of the chamber; and at least one generator of electromagnetic radiation connected to the antenna so that the flow may circulate through said reaction block, and the generator generates a radiation that is uniformly and homogeneously propagated in the chamber and is evenly absorbed by the mixture. The present invention provides embodiments of microwave reactors capable of processing reaction volumes normally found in early stage drug development and pre-clinical studies, as well as embodiments sufficient for commercial production, the designs disclosed incorporate process controls as well as high microwave field uniformity.

Abstract: A system generates FIR radiation. An electron source generates an electron beam. A first horn interacts with the electron beam to produce the FIR radiation. A second grating horn receives the electron beam from the first horn and emits it as a collimated free wave or Smith-Purcell radiation.

Abstract: A planar antenna device that transfers microwave energy from generator into a separate defined volume is disclosed. Device having a single-disk radiator with diameter of 0.95-1.45 half-wavelengths provides both uniformity over 90% in rectangular chamber and acceptable value of SWR (standing wave ratio) if tuned for specific microwave generator. Device having a poly-disk radiator with diameter of 0.95-1.45 half-wavelengths provides both uniformity over 90% in rectangular chamber and acceptable value of SWR for whole industrial frequency band without additional tuning/s.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating terahertz radiation include a pair of optical horns, each of which forms a gap at respective vertices thereof. The first horn is ruled such that an electron beam interacting with a grating period produces terahertz radiation. The horns are diametrically opposed to one another such that radiation exiting the first horn enters the second horn through the gaps. Systems and methods for generating terahertz radiation include generating and focusing an electron beam adjacent a vertex of an optical horn that is ruled with a grating period. Interaction between the electron beam and the grating period produces the terahertz radiation. A method of evaluating interaction between a material and terahertz radiation includes passing a sample of the material through the radiation. At least one of an effect of the radiation on the material, and an effect of the material on the radiation, is measured.