Abstract: A system for changing the temperature of a working fluid, including amonia, includes a working fluid source and a steel tube. The working fluid source is configured to direct a flow of the working fluid. The working fluid from the source is at a temperature. The steel tube has a treated inner surface layer defining a flow passage. The surface may comprise a mill finish surface, an oxidizing surface and/or a chromized surface. The tube is configured to receive the working fluid from the source and to direct the flow of the received working fluid along a path to change the temperature of the received working fluid.

Abstract: A thermally actuated hydrogen secondary battery comprises an anode having a thermally actuated anode-active solid reversible hydrogen-containing inorganic compound which deintercalates hydrogen ions (H.sup.+) in a discharge cycle when exposed to thermal energy, a compatible gas-free electrolyte capable of transporting hydrogen ions (H.sup.+) between the anode and a cathode when the anode is exposed to thermal energy, and the cathode having a hydrogen ion-intercalatable cathode-active material which intercalates hydrogen ions (H.sup.+) in a discharge cycle when the anode is exposed to thermal energy.

Abstract: A thermally actuated hydrogen secondary battery which comprises a porous anode having a thermally actuated anode-active solid reversible hydrogen-containing inorganic compound which deintercalates hydrogen ions (H.sup.+) in a discharge cycle when exposed to thermal energy and having a first porous catalytic oxide film on a side thereof capable of converting hydrogen ions into hydrogen molecules in a discharge cycle and having a second porous catalytic metal film on another side thereof capable of converting hydrogen molecules into hydrogen ions in a charge cycle; a porous cathode having a hydrogen ion-intercalatable cathode-active material which intercalates hydrogen ions (H.sup.

Abstract: A cathode active material, which is especially useful as the cathode in a lithium high energy density nonaqueous cell operating on the principle of intercalation, has the general formula Li.sub.x M.sub.y M'.sub.z O.sub.2-n F.sub.n where M is selected from the group consisting of metallic ions having a valence of +1 other than lithium and metallic radicals having a valence of +1; M' is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co and Ni; x is 0.01 to 0.99 and y is 0.99 to 0.01, respectively; z is 0.8 to 1.2; and n is zero to 0.1.