Abstract: An example system includes a simulation system that emulates a first portion of an electrical system and controls, based on the first portion, electrical inputs to a device under test. The system also includes an observation device, operatively coupled to the simulation system, that receives a delayed version of a remote emulation value, which represents a second portion of the electrical system. The remote emulation value is generated by another, physically separate simulation system. The observation device is further configured to determine, based on the delayed version of the remote emulation value and a model of the second portion, a respective real-time estimation of the remote emulation value, and output, to the simulation system, the respective real-time estimation. The simulation system is further configured to emulate the first portion based on the respective real-time estimation of the remote emulation value.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for characterizing magnetic properties of materials, such as a material's anhysteretic B-H characteristic or its permeability as a function of B or H. A test apparatus for determining these magnetic properties is constructed to yield a symmetrical field distribution through material being tested to avoid localized saturation within the material. Characterization methods take into account radial variations in tangential field intensities when calculating the magnetic properties. The calculations are obtained as solutions of optimization problems through optimization methods such as genetic algorithms.