Abstract: A method of measuring flow through an orifice includes flowing a fluid through the orifice, measuring a pressure drop across the orifice and a temperature of the fluid at one or more predetermined intervals, calculating an interval amount of flow of fluid through the orifice for each interval based on the measured pressure drop and temperature of the fluid, and summimg the calculated interval amounts of flow of fluid to determine an accumulated amount of fluid flow through the orifice.

Abstract: An apparatus (104) mitigates cross-channel nonlinear distortion of an optical signal (138) carried on one of a plurality of wavelength channels (118) in a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) transmission system (100). The apparatus includes a first optical receiver (126) which is arranged to detect a measure (134) of aggregate optical power of the plurality of wavelength channels. A nonlinear dispersion compensator includes means (144) for applying a phase modulation to the optical signal in proportion to the measure of aggregate optical power.

Abstract: A method for transmitting digital information having a predetermined bit-rate (B) via a nonlinear optical channel includes determining a combination of transmission parameters comprising a number (N) of subcarriers, an information symbol rate (S) for each subcarrier, and a number (b) of bits per symbol on each subcarrier, such that B=NSb. An optical signal is generated comprising the plurality (N) of orthogonal optical subcarriers. Each subcarrier is modulated to carry a proportion (Sb/B) of the total bit-rate (B) of the digital information. The optical signal is then transmitted to a corresponding optical receiver via the nonlinear optical channel. The received signal has a measurable signal quality (Q) which is a function of the transmission parameters (N, S, b).

Abstract: An optical signal (116) is modulated with a transmitted electrical signal comprising an information-bearing component (122) and a pilot tone (120) having a predetermined frequency. Transmission of the signal results in distortion, including nonlinear optical transmission impairments. A method of receiving the signal includes detecting the optical signal to produce a received electrical signal (X) comprising a distorted variant of the transmitted electrical signal. The pilot tone is extracted from the received electrical signal using a filtering operation (308) having a predetermined characteristic, and a compensation signal determined based upon the extracted pilot tone. The compensation signal is applied to the received electrical signal (X) to produce a compensated signal (Y) having reduced distortion.

Abstract: This application provides a method for treating a human subject afflicted with Parkinson's disease (PD) with a pharmaceutical composition comprising rasagiline or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of rasagiline, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, comprising the steps of: (i) obtaining a biological sample comprising a genome from the human subject afflicted with Parkinson's disease; (ii) assaying the DNA or RNA of the biological sample from the human subject using a probe or a primer, to determine the diploid genotype of the human subject at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1076560 or rs2283265; (iii) identifying the human subject as a predicted responder to rasagiline if the diploid genotype is CC at rs1076560, CC at rs2283265, or CC at both rs1076560 and rs2283265; and (iv) administering the pharmaceutical composition comprising rasagiline and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to the human subject if the human subject is identified as a predicted responder to rasagiline.

Abstract: An equalizer (200) for equalization of a signal transmitted via an optical fiber link from a transmitter to a corresponding receiver employs a backpropagation model (300) which comprises one or more sequential segments collectively representing an inverse fiber link. Each sequential segment comprises a linear backpropagation element (304), and a non-linear backpropagation element (306) having an associated compensation bandwidth (312). The equalizer (200) generates a distortion-mitigated signal by computing, for each sequential segment in turn, a first linear compensated signal from a signal input to the segment in accordance with the linear backpropagation element (304), and a non-linear compensated signal from the first linear compensated signal in accordance with the non-linear backpropagation element (306).

Abstract: A method for transmitting digital information having a predetermined bit-rate (B) via a nonlinear optical channel includes determining a combination of transmission parameters comprising a number (N) of subcarriers, an information symbol rate (S) for each subcarrier, and a number (b) of bits per symbol on each subcarrier, such that B=NSb. An optical signal is generated comprising the plurality (N) of orthogonal optical subcarriers. Each subcarrier is modulated to carry a proportion (Sb/B) of the total bit-rate (B) of the digital information. The optical signal is then transmitted to a corresponding optical receiver via the nonlinear optical channel. The received signal has a measurable signal quality (Q) which is a function of the transmission parameters (N, S, b).

Abstract: An optical signal (116) is modulated with a transmitted electrical signal comprising an information-bearing component (122) and a pilot tone (120) having a predetermined frequency. Transmission of the signal results in distortion, including nonlinear optical transmission impairments. A method of receiving the signal includes detecting the optical signal to produce a received electrical signal (X) comprising a distorted variant of the transmitted electrical signal. The pilot tone is extracted from the received electrical signal using a filtering operation (308) having a predetermined characteristic, and a compensation signal determined based upon the extracted pilot tone. The compensation signal is applied to the received electrical signal (X) to produce a compensated signal (Y) having reduced distortion.

Abstract: A method of generating an information-bearing optical signal (614) from input digital information (602) includes generating (604, 606) an information-bearing electrical signal comprising an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature (Q) component. Each of the components has a predetermined baseband bandwidth requirement (B). The I and Q signal components are combined (610) with corresponding I and Q components of a radio frequency (RF) carrier (608). The carrier has a central frequency greater than the signal bandwidth requirement (B). An optical source is modulated (612) with the combined I and Q signal and carrier components, in order to produce a modulated optical signal (614) which comprises an optical carrier corresponding with the RF carrier, and substantially only a single information-bearing optical sideband in an optical frequency domain, corresponding with the information-bearing electrical signals. Transmitters implementing the method are also disclosed.

Abstract: An equaliser (200) for equalisation of a signal transmitted via an optical fibre link from a transmitter to a corresponding receiver employs a backpropagation model (300) which comprises one or more sequential segments collectively representing an inverse fibre link. Each sequential segment comprises a linear backpropagation element (304), and a non-linear backpropagation element (306) having an associated compensation bandwidth (312). The equaliser (200) generates a distortion-mitigated signal by computing, for each sequential segment in turn, a first linear compensated signal from a signal input to the segment in accordance with the linear backpropagation element (304), and a non-linear compensated signal from the first linear compensated signal in accordance with the non-linear backpropagation element (306).

Abstract: An apparatus (104) mitigates cross-channel nonlinear distortion of an optical signal (138) carried on one of a plurality of wavelength channels (118) in a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) transmission system (100). The apparatus includes a first optical receiver (126) which is arranged to detect a measure (134) of aggregate optical power of the plurality of wavelength channels. A nonlinear dispersion compensator includes means (144) for applying a phase modulation to the optical signal in proportion to the measure of aggregate optical power.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for receiving digital information transmitted via an optical signal over an optical channel wherein the optical signal includes an optical carrier (402) and at least one information-bearing optical sideband (404) in the optical frequency domain. The transmitted optical power is distributed between the optical carrier (402) and the optical side band (404). The received optical signal is processed in order to increase the received power in the optical carrier (402) relative to the power in the optical side-band (404). The processed optical signal is detected in order to produce a corresponding electrical signal. The electrical signal is then processed in order to recover the digital information.

Abstract: A method of transmitting information over a non-linear optical channel includes the step (152) of generating an information-bearing signal, preferably an OFDM signal, which includes a plurality of closely-spaced sub-carriers in the frequency domain. A time-varying phase modulation is determined (154), which is a first function, and preferably a linear function, of the transmitted optical power corresponding with the information-bearing signal. The information-bearing signal and the time-varying phase modulation are applied (156) to an optical source in order to generate a corresponding transmitted optical signal having substantially the stated transmitted optical power characteristic. The first function of transmitted optical power is selected so as to mitigate the effect of the non-linearity of the optical channel upon the transmitted optical signal.

Abstract: A system (100) for transmitting digital information includes a transmitting apparatus (102) for generating an optical signal bearing digital information, a dispersive optical channel (104), and a receiving apparatus (110) for receiving the optical signal. The dispersive optical channel (104) is disposed to convey the optical signal from the transmitting apparatus (102) to the receiving apparatus (110). The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder (114) for encoding digital information into a series of blocks, each including a plurality of data symbols corresponding with one or more bits of digital information. A signal generator (118) generates a time-varying signal corresponding with each of said blocks.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for receiving an optical signal having an optical carrier component and at least one information-bearing optical sideband. In general, an optical filter arrangement (110) is used to separate the optical carrier component from the information-bearing optical sideband. First and second optical splitters (126, 128) divide the optical power in the optical carrier and the optical sideband, respectively, into corresponding sub-components. The sub-components of the optical carrier have substantially orthogonal polarisation states, which is an optional characteristic of the sideband sub-components. First and second optical coupling devices (142, 144) respectively each combine one of the optical carrier sub-components with a corresponding one of the optical sideband sub-components. Optical detectors (158, 160) detect the outputs of the combiners (142, 144).

Abstract: A method of communicating digital information over a dispersive optical channel includes encoding the digital information into a plurality of data blocks, each of which includes a number of bits of the information. A time-varying electrical signal is generated which corresponds with each of said data blocks. The time-varying electrical signal is applied to an optical transmitter (122) to generate an optical signal which includes an asymmetrically amplitude limited transmitted signal modulated onto an optical carrier. The optical signal is then transmitted over the dispersive optical channel (106). At a receiving apparatus (104) the optical signal is detected to produce an electrical signal which corresponds with the asymmetrically amplitude limited transmitted signal.

Abstract: A method of generating an information-bearing optical signal (614) from input digital information (602) includes generating (604, 606) an information-bearing electrical signal comprising an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature (Q) component. Each of the components has a predetermined baseband bandwidth requirement (B). The I and Q signal components are combined (610) with corresponding I and Q components of a radio frequency (RF) carrier (608). The carrier has a central frequency greater than the signal bandwidth requirement (B). An optical source is modulated (612) with the combined I and Q signal and carrier components, in order to produce a modulated optical signal (614) which comprises an optical carrier corresponding with the RF carrier, and substantially only a single information-bearing optical sideband in an optical frequency domain, corresponding with the information-bearing electrical signals. Transmitters implementing the method are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for receiving digital information transmitted via an optical signal over an optical channel wherein the optical signal includes an optical carrier (402) and at least one information-bearing optical sideband (404) in the optical frequency domain. The transmitted optical power is distributed between the optical carrier (402) and the optical side band (404). The received optical signal is processed in order to increase the received power in the optical carrier (402) relative to the power in the optical side-band (404). The processed optical signal is detected in order to produce a corresponding electrical signal. The electrical signal is then processed in order to recover the digital information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for receiving an optical signal having an optical carrier component and at least one information-bearing optical sideband. In general, an optical filter arrangement (110) is used to separate the optical carrier component from the information-bearing optical sideband. First and second optical splitters (126, 128) divide the optical power in the optical carrier and the optical sideband, respectively, into corresponding sub-components. The sub-components of the optical carrier have substantially orthogonal polarisation states, which is an optional characteristic of the sideband sub-components. First and second optical coupling devices (142, 144) respectively each combine one of the optical carrier sub-components with a corresponding one of the optical sideband sub-components. Optical detectors (158, 160) detect the outputs of the combiners (142, 144).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for predicting a subject's response to antipsychotic drug treatment comprising the steps of obtaining a biological sample from the subject, and determining the presence or absence of one or more polymorphisms in the SLC1A1 gene of the subject, wherein the presence of the one or more polymorphisms indicates that the subject's response to antipsychotic drug treatment. The invention also provides for kits for performing these methods.