Abstract: Methods of producing xylitol comprising the oxidative decarboxylation of a reactant substrate are provided herein. The oxidative decarboxylation is performed in one of two ways. In the first, the oxidative decarboxylation is performed by an electrochemical process, preferably an anodic odixative decarboxylation of a reactant substrate. In the second, the oxidative decarboxylation of the reactant substrate is carried out by a series of oxidation-reduction chemical reactions.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for preparation of a bifidobacteria-nourishing medium by subjecting a saccharide-based feedstock containing fructosyl units to flash flow conditions. The resulting shearform matrix is then treated to provide a medium having fructosyl-containing oligosaccharide. Preferably, the shearform matrix is treated by subjecting it to acid thermolysis conditions. Also provided is a method of nourishing mammalian alimentary tract for preferential growth of bifidobacteria. In addition, there is provided a medium for nourishing bifidobacteria and comestible products made therefrom.