Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for detecting errors in a computation performed by a quantum computer. In one aspect, a method comprises obtaining error correction data for each of a plurality of time steps during the computation; and processing a respective input for each of a plurality of updating time steps using one or more machine learning decoder models to generate a prediction of whether an error occurred in the computation, wherein each updating time step corresponds to one or more of the time steps and wherein the respective input for each of the plurality of updating time steps is generated from the error correction data for the corresponding one or more time steps.

Abstract: Computer-generated holographic display systems are described with improved image quality when used with illumination sources other than single mode lasers, such as broader emission light sources including LEDs and multi-mode lasers.

Abstract: A system includes a plurality of modular subassemblies and a plate; wherein each modular subassembly comprises an enclosure and a plurality of optical components aligned to the enclosure, and each enclosure comprises a plurality of mounting structures; and wherein each modular subassembly is mechanically coupled to the plate by attachment of a mounting structure of the modular subassembly directly to a corresponding mounting structure located on the plate, such that by mechanically coupling each modular subassembly to the plate using the mounting structure of the modular subassembly and the corresponding mounting structure on the plate, adjacent modular subassemblies are aligned to each other upon such attachment, and wherein two of the modular subassemblies mechanically coupled to the plate are also attached to each other by mechanically coupling an alignment structure on one of the two modular subassemblies to a respective alignment structure on the other of the two modular subassemblies.

Abstract: A holographic display is provided. The display comprises (i) an illumination source configured to emit at least partially coherent light, (ii) a liquid crystal layer comprising an array of elements arranged to be illuminated by the light. The layer is configured such that: (a) when a first electric field is applied across an element of the liquid crystal layer, the light from the element has a first polarisation state, (b) when a second electric field is applied across the element, the light has a second polarisation state, and (c) when a third electric field is applied across the element, the light has a third polarisation state.

Abstract: A method of displaying a target light field using an image-replicating combiner is described. The method comprises determining a target light field to be displayed at a viewing location; determining a transfer function describing the propagation of light through the image-replicating combiner between the viewing location and an input location near to an input surface of the image-replicating combiner; determining an input light field by applying the determined transfer function to the target light field; and displaying the input light field at the input location. A display system to display a target light field is also described.

Abstract: A method of generating a computer-generated hologram from a three-dimensional image comprising a plurality of two-dimensional image layers is provided. The method comprises generating hologram data for each layer of the image, and updating the hologram data of at least one layer of the image based on the hologram data of the other layers of the image.

Abstract: A holographic display system comprises a light source configured to emit at least partially coherent light; a modulator arranged to be illuminated by the at least partially coherent light and to generate a light field which is a quantised representation of a target light field, H; and a spatial filter delimiting an aperture in a Fourier plane. A Fourier transform of the target light field, F(H), substantially does not overlap (i) a Fourier transform of a complex conjugate of the target light field, F(H*), (ii) a Fourier transform of the target light field multiplied by the complex conjugate of the target light field, F(HH*), (iii) a Fourier transform of a square of the target light field, F(H2), and (iv) a Fourier transform of a square of the complex conjugate of the light field F(H*2). The aperture substantially corresponds to F(H) in the Fourier plane.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to compositions, dosage forms, and methods for preventing and treating cancers and infections. An example method entails administering to the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising 1×107 to 500×107 intact, stabilized and substantially non-viable E. coli cells which have been treated in such a way as to result in about 70% to 99% reduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-associated endotoxin activity when measured by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay as compared to untreated, wild-type E. coli cells, and wherein the composition contains 124 to 62000 endotoxin units (EU) of LPS.

Abstract: A method and display apparatus for reducing holographic speckle when displaying holographic images are described. A target image (10) is decomposed into input images (11). A first input image includes higher spatial frequency components of the target image and is imaged using a first display method (12) to generate a first holographic display image. The second input image includes lower spatial frequency components of the target image and is imaged using a second display method (12) to generate a second display image. The first and second display images are combined for display to a user. The second display method (12) is adapted to reduce holographic speckle or include no holographic speckle compared to the first holographic display method (12) thereby reducing holographic speckle in the combined display image (13).

Abstract: A holographic display comprises: an illumination source which is at least partially coherent; a plurality of display elements positioned to receive light from the illumination source and spaced apart from each other, each display element comprising a group of at least two sub-elements; and a modulation system associated with each display element and configured to modulate at least a phase of each of the plurality of sub-elements.

Abstract: An optical assembly is provided for use in holographic display of a replay image. The optical assembly may be of particular use is an augmented reality headset. The optical assembly includes a light-modulation element arranged to be illuminated off-axis by a light beam. The light-modulation element modulates the incident light to generate a replay image and generates a zero-order light beam. A focusing system is arranged after the light-modulation element. A light remover is positioned after the focussing system and is configured to remove the zero-order light beam from the light focussed by the focussing system. The focussing system is configured to focus zero-order light from the light-modulation element in a first plane different from a second plane which is the plane of focus of parallel light of the replay image. The light remover removes the zero-order light in the first plane.

Abstract: An optical assembly comprises a light source, a light-modulation element for modulating light from the light source, and a terminal optical element for directing modulated light from the optical assembly. Optical elements are provided to guide the light in a first path from the light source to the light-modulation element and to guide the modulated light in a second path from the light-modulation element to the terminal optical element. The first and second paths are of similar shape, for example a c-shape, and are arranged in a nested configuration.

Abstract: A method of accessing image data comprises receiving a query to access data from a user. The query comprises data parameters comprising one or more geographic areas of the images of the data, and/or one or more time frames for the images of the data. The data query is formatted according a requirement of each of a plurality of data providers. The respective formatted query is sent to each of the data providers. A response is received from each data provider. The response indicates whether the respective data provider has data that meets the respective formatted query. For those data providers that indicate that they have data that meets the respective formatted query, the data that meets the respective formatted query is received using a data transfer protocol suitable for the respective data provider. The retrieved data from the plurality of data providers is collated and sent to the user.

Abstract: A spacer formation cell usable in configuration of a window assembly, wherein the cell includes a plurality of stages through which a spacer work piece is routed, and the stages include a holding stage, a cutting stage, a bending stage, and a connecting stage. The stages can be arranged in interlinked configuration, enabling spacers to be fabricated in a direct and time-efficient manner. The stages can be interlinked to form a framework, forming an exterior enclosure for the stages of the cell, and enabling at least of the majority of the cell's operations to be readily overseen by an operator from single vantage points around the cell. The configuration of the formation cell enables a wide variety of spacer types and/or sizes to be readily processed, with such processing to be readily alternated.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a memory, a processor operatively coupled to the memory and a sensor. The sensor is configured to intercept a wireless signal associated with a vehicle. The processor configured to identify from the wireless signal (1) a bit rate of the wireless signal, (2) an encoding type associated with the wireless signal, and (3) data associated with the wireless signal. The processor configured to generate an identifier associated with the vehicle based on the bit rate, the encoding type and the data. The processor configured to correlate within the memory the identifier with additional data associated with a user of the vehicle.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a memory, a processor operatively coupled to the memory and a sensor. The sensor is configured to intercept a wireless signal associated with a vehicle. The processor configured to identify from the wireless signal (1) a bit rate of the wireless signal, (2) an encoding type associated with the wireless signal, and (3) data associated with the wireless signal. The processor configured to generate an identifier associated with the vehicle based on the bit rate, the encoding type and the data. The processor configured to correlate within the memory the identifier with additional data associated with a user of the vehicle.

Abstract: A spacer formation cell usable in configuration of a window assembly, wherein the cell includes a plurality of stages through which a spacer work piece is routed, and the stages include a holding stage, a cutting stage, a bending stage, and a connecting stage. The stages can be arranged in interlinked configuration, enabling spacers to be fabricated in a direct and time-efficient manner. The stages can be interlinked to form a framework, forming an exterior enclosure for the stages of the cell, and enabling at least of the majority of the cell's operations to be readily overseen by an operator from single vantage points around the cell. The configuration of the formation cell enables a wide variety of spacer types and/or sizes to be readily processed, with such processing to be readily alternated.

Abstract: An approach is provided to trace a software program running in a multi-nodal complex computing environment. A trace request is sent from a requestor node to the nodes with the trace request associated with the software program and also associated with a transaction identifier. The software program is executed on the nodes. While the program is executing, trace data entries resulting from the execution of the software program are logged at the respective nodes with each trace data entry being associated with the transaction identifier. A log request is subsequently sent from the requestor node to the other nodes. The resulting trace data is then received by the requestor node from the target nodes and logged in a transaction based log. The transaction-based log is then provided to a user of the requestor node.

Abstract: Headache treatment methods are described and include providing an energy delivery device; locating a secondary or higher-order branch of a postganglionic nerve that provides innervation for a patient's head, by identifying a target region of the patient's head that includes the nerve branch; positioning, within the target region, a portion of the energy delivery device; and applying, from the positioned portion of the energy delivery device to the target region, an amount of energy effective to result in a stimulation activity of the nerve branch; and, after observing the stimulated nerve branch activity, delivering, from the energy delivery device to the nerve branch, energy in an amount effective to reduce a headache severity in the patient.

Abstract: An approach is provided to trace a software program running in a multi-nodal complex computing environment. A trace request is sent from a requestor node to the nodes with the trace request associated with the software program and also associated with a transaction identifier. The software program is executed on the nodes. While the program is executing, trace data entries resulting from the execution of the software program are logged at the respective nodes with each trace data entry being associated with the transaction identifier. A log request is subsequently sent from the requestor node to the other nodes. The resulting trace data is then received by the requestor node from the target nodes and logged in a transaction based log. The transaction-based log is then provided to a user of the requestor node.