Abstract: A filter element has an upstream and downstream side. A filter media assembly of the filter element has an upstream side and a downstream side and has a first filter media layer and a second filter media layer that is adjacent to the first media layer. A substantial portion of the first layer and second layer are uncoupled, and at least one of the first media layer and second media layer comprises binder fiber. The second media layer has a mean flow pore size equal to or smaller than the first media layer. A support layer system is adjacent to the downstream side of the filter media assembly, and a first wire mesh layer is adjacent to the support layer system. At least the first media layer, second media layer, support layer system, and first wire mesh cooperatively define pleats at a pleat packing density of greater than 125%.

Abstract: Network traffic may be logged and analyzed to perform accounting on amount of a chargeable network resource that is consumed fulfilling requests for different clients or for different servers. A network device may report network traffic to a server through NetFlow data records. The network traffic records may be generated by monitoring traffic through either the ingress ports or the egress ports of a network device. Monitoring only ingress or egress ports reduces or eliminates duplication of network traffic counting. Two-directional network traffic may be monitored by transmitting traffic in one direction through a first interface and in a second direction through a second interface.

Abstract: Network traffic may be logged and analyzed to perform accounting on amount of a chargeable network resource that is consumed fulfilling requests for different clients or for different servers. A network device may report network traffic to a server through NetFlow data records. The NetFlow data records may then be analyzed to remove or correct packets containing an incorrect physical address, such as when the logged packets have a recorded physical address equal to the physical address of the network device logging the traffic.

Abstract: Network traffic may be logged and analyzed to perform accounting on amount of a chargeable network resource that is consumed fulfilling requests for different clients or for different servers. A network device may report network traffic to a server through NetFlow data records. The network traffic may be analyzed by identifying physical addresses recorded for transmitted data in the NetFlow data records. The physical addresses may be correlated to computer names, which are then billed for the network traffic.

Abstract: Use of commodity operation systems and some proprietary and legacy operating systems can be enhanced by providing a facility for determining usage profiles of applications programs. From the usage profiles, actual usage of the computer resources is inferred. Many things, including charge-backs to users can be established using this new resource.