Abstract: Systems and methods applicable, for instance, to the generation and usage of authentication images. In one aspect, unauthorized attempts to duplicate authentication images can be thwarted. In another aspect, there can be provision for authorized authentication image generation using low-resolution print devices.

Abstract: Implementations include actions of receiving a site-analysis request, the site-analysis request including a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with a resource of a website; retrieving the resource based on the URL; identifying content of the resource; performing a plurality of tests based on the content to provide a plurality of results, each test providing a result of the plurality of results; and determining an indicator based on the plurality of results, the indicator indicating a likelihood that the website is selling counterfeit goods.

Abstract: A method and structure for selecting from a plurality of communication arrangements is performed by inputting a first party's ability to communicate with a second party. The invention evaluates the communication arrangement based on the first party's ability to communicate and repeats the evaluating process for a different communication arrangement if the first party's ability does not match a communication arrangement previously evaluated. The invention performs a cost-benefit analysis with respect to a communication arrangement matching the first party's ability and implements a communication arrangement when the first party's ability matches a communication arrangement. The cost-benefit shows whether the communication arrangement is justified.