Abstract: A liquid heater includes at least a pair of electrodes each of which having an electrically conducting surface and being spaced apart from each other. The liquid heater also includes a first heating passage defined, at least in part, by the electrically conducting surfaces of the electrodes. Electrical power to the liquid heater is provided by an electrical power supplier configured to draw an alternating electrical current having a frequency less than or substantially equal to 60 Hz and supply an alternating electrical voltage having a frequency substantially equal to or higher than 50 Hz across the electrodes. The electrodes are arranged to make electrical contacts with liquid received into the heating passage. The liquid in the heating passage generates heat when an electric current flows through the liquid and between electrodes.

Abstract: Coffee brewing cycle time is improved by contacting roasted ground coffee with a brief interval of steam, e.g. 3 seconds. The steam is preferably introduced prior to contact with brewing water and may be followed by a brief interval of pause prior to introducing the water. Steam and water are preferably introduced under a moderately elevated pressure. Improvements in appearance, color, flavor, aroma and yield can be achieved along with reduced cycle time.

Abstract: A reusable filtration element for a coffee brewer has a microscopic arrangement of holes which permit coffee beverage to pass through while turbidity and sediment causing solids are effectively removed. The holes are preferably from 12 to 60 microns across and provide from 5 to 30 % open area in the filter element. In one preferred embodiment, the holes are circular, arranged in rows such that intersecting rows form an angle of 60.degree., and preferably taper from top to bottom. A preferred filtration element is preferably formed by photoetching stainless steel foil. The filtration element is preferably positioned over a foraminous support.