Abstract: An electrical device for measuring the dry film thickness of a paint film applied to a conductive coating adhered to a plastic substrate without destroying the film; the device contains the followintg components: a. an electric sensing device of two separate electrodes isolated from each other and positioned in a material capable of conforming to the surface of the film being measured where the sensing device is placed in contact with the surface of the film and measured under a uniform and reproducible pressure; b. a gain and phase measuring device electrically connected to the sensing device for measuring the gain and phase of an alternating current electrical signal passed from one electrode through the film and conductive coating to the second electrode; c.

Abstract: An optical pattern extracting apparatus has sets of strip-like photodetection elements oriented in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions for decomposing a displayed character to be recognized, the photodetection elements are distributed in a large number of parallel microimage channels generated through an optical image multiplication system and the photodetection elements cover a display area of the character without their photodetection areas overlapping each other.

Abstract: In an image correlation calculation apparatus for optically calculating correlations between reference patterns and an image such as a character or any other figure, the image such as the character or any other figure subjected to correlation calculations is optically multiplied by a multiplier to form simultaneously in parallel a plurality of optical pattern images of a substantially identical shape, and optical correlation calculation between the plurality of optical pattern images and the reference patterns formed on various types of reference masks is performed individually and instantaneously, the various type of reference masks being arranged at a position spaced apart by a predetermined distance from the plurality of optical pattern image, thereby detecting beams emitted through the various types of reference masks.

Abstract: In an apparatus for extracting primitive patterns included in an image such as a character or any other figure, the image subjected to primitive pattern extraction is optical multiplied by a multiplier to form simultaneously in parallel a plurality of optical pattern images of a substantially identical shape, and optical correlation calculation between the plurality of optical pattern images and the primitive patterns which are formed in the various types of primitive masks is performed individually and instantaneously, the various type of primitive masks being arranged at a position spaced apart by a predetermined distance therefrom, thereby detecting beams emitted through the various types of primitive masks. Image multiplication, optical correlation calculation between the primitive pattern and the optical pattern image, and transmission of the result of the optical correlation calculation to the photosensors can be simultaneously performed at the light propagation speed.

Abstract: In a mask for transmitting a light subjected to a projection on a predetermined position and for detecting the light, transmittances of the mask are distributed in correspondence with a statistical distribution of the predetermined positions of the light. Information represented by optical signals can be detected with a high probability.

Abstract: Methods of forming layers of material upon or below the earth's surface and above the water table to prevent or effectively inhibit the flow of groundwaters through such laters of initially unconsolidated materials. Chemical components are added to materials such as incinerator ash or other waste materials deposited in a landfill operation to create alkaline conditions which, when contacted by water, induce precipitation of calcite in sufficient quantities to produce a cementing action which retards leachate formation. In another aspect, a site is prepared for use as a landfill with an essentially hydraulically sealed sub-base by choosing a site with alkaline soils or carbonate bedrock and adding appropriate chemical components to cause calcite to precipitate when contacted by water, which may be applied directly or by naturally occurring precipitation.

Abstract: In an image recognition apparatus for identifying an input image such as a character, any other graphic pattern or the like by comparing the input image with a plurality of reference image, an optical image recognition means simultaneously performs image information detection processing of a plurality of optical pattern images of substantially an identical shape obtained by multiplying the input image, thereby detecting a plurality of image information data corresponding to the plurality of optical pattern images and hence identifies the input image. When the input image cannot be identified by the optical image recognition means, an electronic image recognition means performs digital correlation calculations for limited ones of the reference images according to the above image information data. Therefore, image recognition can be performed by an inexpensive apparatus at high speed, and a high throughput can be obtained. In addition, a high recognition rate can be obtained.

Abstract: In an apparatus for simultaneously extracting various types of projection features of an image such as a character or any other figure, an image whose projection features are to be extracted is optically multiplied by a multiplier (4) to form a plurality of optical image each having a substantially identical shape, and the plurality of images are independently supplied to a plurality of detecting means (5A) to simultaneously obtain the various types of projection features. The arrangement of the apparatus can be simplified at low cost, and at the same time, parallel extraction of the projection features can be achieved within a short period of time. Various types of projection features can be simply obtained as needed.

Abstract: A matrix operation apparatus for performing a matrix operation at high speed and in a wide dynamic range, i.e., high precision, wherein an input vector is displayed with radiance of pixels, a display image is replicated through an optical system, component multiplications and partial summing between rows or columns of the matrix and the input vector are simultaneously performed by a transparent/opaque mask representing a binary-valued matrix component and a photosensor, parallel channels, each assigned to different bit of the matrix component calculates the partial sums and a power-of-2 scaling summer connected to the parallel channels electrically produces components of an output vector.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for enlarging or reducing an image pattern, wherein the image pattern and a pair of parallel image sensors are moved relative to each other to read the image pattern, the size of the image pattern along the moving direction is calculated on the basis of an output from one image sensor, a read clock frequency of the other image sensor is controlled on the calculated size of the image pattern, and thus enlargement or reduction of the image pattern along the moving direction can be easily performed.

Abstract: An encoded label for a magnetic tape cartridge includes a substrate having an obverse side and a reverse side. The reverse side is adapted to be affixed to the magnetic tape cartridge, while the obverse side has pre-printed thereon at least two redundant indicators for identifying the magnetic tape cartridge to which the label is affixed. Each of the indicators include a plurality of characters, but the characters of one such indicator are scrambled with respect to the characters of the other indicator, thereby permitting accurate identification of the magnetic tape cartridge by an optical scanner in spite of the label's having a substantial portion missing or obliterated.

Abstract: A method of artificially sealing cracks, fissures or other voids in earth strata under alkaline conditions, or in alkaline structural materials. Sealing is effected by induced precipitation of calcium carbonate, usually in the form of calcite, either in alkaline rocks, in other rocks where alkaline groundwaters are present, or in structures of alkaline materials such as cement or marble. A number of examples are discussed for effecting the desired precipitation including application of aqueous solutions which affect either calcium or carbonate ion concentration, increasing pH by degassing of carbonated water and application of slurries of less stable forms of calcium carbonate (aragonite and vaterite) to result in precipitation of the more stable form (calcite).

Abstract: In an apparatus for analyzing local features of a character or any other figures, an extraction of the local features is performed by correlation calculations using a plurality of first reference masks, an analysis associated with combinations of the extracted local feature is performed by pattern matchings using a plurality of second reference masks, and the extraction and the analysis are performed optically and simultaneously with respect to the plurality of reference masks, respectively. Therefore, the local features analysis can be performed at high speed and accurately.

Abstract: In an apparatus for serially performing simultaneous feature processing and similarity discrimination of an image such as a character or any other figure, an input image is multiplied by a first multiplier into a plurality of optical pattern images which are respectively supplied to means for detecting different types of projection features. The means for detecting different types of projection features simultaneously performs different types of projection operations of the input image. The optical pattern image obtained by converting a vector corresponding to the different types of projection features is displayed on a vector display. The optical pattern image displayed on the display is multiplied by a second multiplier into optical images which are then respectively supplied to different types of reference masks. Optical pattern matching between the optical images from the second multiplier and the different types of reference patterns is simultaneously performed.

Abstract: In a lines and character separation apparatus for separating lines and characters in a document page, the separation being a step in pattern recognition, images are multiplied from one area within the page, a plurality of photosensor arrays are used which have different alignment directions of pluralities of light-receiving elements thereof and which are respectively paired with the multiple images, and the lines and the characters can be separated at high speed.

Abstract: In a page segmentor for dividing a page into areas each having a single feature, the division being performed as preprocessing for pattern recognition, one of the areas within the page is multiplied into multiple images, a feature of each area is extracted according to the presence or absence of each of pairs between the multiple images and a plurality of different masks, and the page is divided into areas until each area has a single feature. High-speed page segmentation can be achieved so as to obtain a desired feature.

Abstract: In an apparatus for preprocessing of character recognition so as to obtain data necessary for character recognition, page segmentation is performed by simultaneously extracting a plurality of features, separation between lines, separation between characters, and separation between the lines and the characters are simultaneously performed, and a calculation time for normalizing the separated individual characters can be reduced, thereby performing proprocessing required for character recognition systematically at high speed.

Abstract: A device and method for verifying the identity of an individual based on keystroke dynamics comprising a keyboard for the inputting of data in the form of alphanumeric characters by keystrokes, a timing encoder coupled to the keyboard for timing periods between keystrokes, a CPU coupled to RAM and to the timing encoder for generating a template for the individual, the template comprising a first plurality of features based upon a first set of time periods between keystrokes from a first set of keystrokes of the individual and the CPU determining a plurality of extracted features based upon a second set of time periods from a second set of keystrokes, and comparing the template to the plurality of extracted features such that the identity of the individual may be verified.

Abstract: In a vector discrimination apparatus for performing discrimination such as class classification and recognition of a vector consisting of vector components corresponding to features of predetermined information, an optical pattern displayed on a display at a position corresponding to the size of the vector component is optically multiplied by a multiplier to form multiple images each having a substantially identical shape in the vicinities of various types of reference masks, and pattern matching is established between the multiple images and the various types of reference patterns formed on the reference masks. Discrimination such as class classification and recognition of the vector consisting of the vector components corresponding to the features of predetermined information such as a character or the like can be performed at a high speed, although the apparatus configuration is simple and low cost.

Abstract: A high voltage transformer for a video display apparatus includes a bobbin-wound tertiary winding. The bobbin incorporates integral nonmetallic terminal posts about which the winding segment wire is wound and terminated. The winding segments are interconnected by electrical components. The component leads incorporate a solder coating and are flattened to provide a large bonding area with the wire on the terminal posts. The component lead overlays the winding segment wire and is joined thereto by a fusion bonding process. The fusion bonding removes the wire insulations and melts the component lead solder coating to form a reflow solder joint.