Abstract: Described are methods and systems, including computer program products, for securitizing catastrophic risk. A computing device receives financial instrument data including a premium amount and a coupon amount, where the financial instrument reflects a financial risk that corresponds to one or more physical risks. The computing device determines a first expected loss associated with the financial risk reflected in the financial instrument, and determines a second expected loss associated with the financial risk reflected in the financial instrument where the financial risk is adjusted to compensate for risk-reducing measures and/or risk-contributing measures. The computing device determines a differential between the first and second expected losses. The computing device calculates a credit to parties responsible for the risk-reducing measures and calculates a debit to parties responsible for the risk-contributing measures based upon the differential.

Abstract: A method can include (i) tracking, through a supply chain, by a computing device, a carbon containing process input; (ii) tracking, through the supply chain, by the computing device, a hydrocarbon fluid extracted from Earth by injecting the carbon containing process input into a subterranean environment; and (iii) determining, by the computing device, a quantity of fuel, produced from the hydrocarbon fluid, having a carbon intensity value based on sequestration of the carbon containing process input in the subterranean environment and utilization of at least one co-product of the carbon containing process input in the supply chain.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel includes (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel, wherein the biofuel is derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass comprising sugar cane or soybean, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the sequestration of solid phase biomass carbon, wherein the solid phase biomass carbon is derived from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass and wherein the sequestration mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel includes (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel, wherein the biofuel is derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the sequestration of solid phase biomass carbon, wherein the solid phase biomass carbon is derived from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass and wherein the sequestration mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel can include (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a co-product from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fraction comprises an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel includes (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel, wherein the biofuel is derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the sequestration of solid phase biomass carbon, wherein the solid phase biomass carbon is derived from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass and wherein the sequestration mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: Feedstock of an agricultural biomass is tracked through a first supply chain. Residue of the agricultural biomass is tracked through a second supply chain. A quantity of fuel, produced from the feedstock, having a carbon intensity value is determined based on utilization of the residue in the second supply chain.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel can include (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a co-product from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fraction comprises an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel includes (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel, wherein the biofuel is derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the sequestration of solid phase biomass carbon, wherein the solid phase biomass carbon is derived from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass and wherein the sequestration mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel can include (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a co-product from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass, wherein the second fraction comprises an agricultural residue and wherein the co-product mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: A computerized method of using a data processor having a memory to account for carbon flows and determine a regulatory value for a biofuel includes (i) storing, in memory, a first set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the production and use of a biofuel, wherein the biofuel is derived from a first fraction of an agricultural biomass, (ii) storing, in memory, a second set of one or more carbon flow values characterizing the sequestration of solid phase biomass carbon, wherein the solid phase biomass carbon is derived from a second fraction of the agricultural biomass and wherein the sequestration mitigates anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, and (iii) calculating, using the data processor, a regulatory value for the biofuel from the first and second sets of carbon flow values.

Abstract: Circuitry for use with a brain wave monitoring device is provided for selectively monitoring the impedance of the current paths in the patient's scalp concurrently with brain wave monitoring, and circuitry for self-testing the system for proper functioning.

Abstract: A brain wave monitoring device for monitoring brain wave activity measures the frequency and amplitude of brain wave signals from the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The brain wave signals are filtered and applied to an amplitude detecting device, and a frequency-to-voltage converter which employs a zero-crossing technique such that signal frequencies are detected independent of signal magnitude. The amplitude and frequency information is displayed on separate power and frequency displays on the front panel of the brain wave monitoring device. Each of the power and frequency displays employ a pair of linear LED arrays such that a "bar graph" of the amplitude and frequency of the brain waves is produced. Additionally, signals indicative of the power of the brain waves on the left and right hemispheres are selectively applied to a voltage controlled oscillator having an earphone output, such that the operator may listen for differences in amplitude between left and right hemisphere brain waves.