Abstract: Given a target frequency (F.sub.VE), a reference frequency (F.sub.R), an error limit (E.sub.L), and a first divider range (150), a first (R) and a second (N) integer divider value are computed. First, an initial first divider (R) is selected (152). Then, a second divider (N) is computed as equal to the target frequency (F.sub.VE) divided by the reference frequency (F.sub.R) multiplied times the selected first divider (154). Then an error term (E) is computed to quantify the error introduced by using integers as dividers (156). The divider terms are accepted (166) if the error term is less than the error limit (158). Otherwise, a new first integer divider (R) is selected (160), repeating the computation of the second (N) divider (154), the computation of the error (E) term (156), and the test of the error term (E) against a limit as a loop (158). This loop is repeated until either the error term (E) is less than the error (E.sub.

Abstract: A phase locked loop (PLL) system receiving a reference frequency and generating an output frequency has a charge pump (28), loop filter (38), an N frequency divider (32), an R frequency divider (24), a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (30) and a phase detector (26). The charge pump (28) has a high current output (62) and a low current output (60). The loop filter (38) responsively coupled to the charge pump (28) has a first pole filter that includes a high current first pole filter capacitor (66), a high current first pole damping resistor (70), a low current first pole filter capacitor (64), a low current first pole damping resistor (68), and a first pole filter capacitor (72). A second pole filter can be added that includes a second pole filter capacitor (76), a second pole damping resistor (74), and a feed forward capacitor (78).

Abstract: An extendable half-wave dipole is capacitively coupled to a driven resonant helical antenna for use as on a hand-held, two-way portable radio, the helix being end fed. The dipole may be mounted adjacent to or collinear with the axis of the helix. The collinear mounting requires non-conductive portions on each end of the dipole. Optimum dimensional and performance characteristics are available without switching.