Abstract: A process for bright annealing of chromium containing alloys such as stainless steels in an atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrogen containing controlled additions of an inhibitor as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,334,938 wherein at least one element provided at the surface of the article being annealed in an amount such that it is oxidized in preference to the chromium in said article, whereby nitrogen uptake is inhibited and dulling of the metal surface by formation of a film containing chromium oxide is avoided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of pumping and preventing plugging for water-in-oil emulsion explosives within conduits in which the pumping is interrupted and a lubricating fluid is used that moves in an annular stream around the emulsion. The lubricating fluid provided by the invention which comprises an aqueous salt solution allows interruption of the pumping without the occurrence of plugging in the conduit.

Abstract: Water-in-oil emulsion blasting agent compositions are provided which are non-cap sensitive yet detonable under high heads of water and which contain as the sole oxidizing salt ammonium nitrate, an ammonium nitrate to hydrocarbon fuel weight ratio in the range of about 95:5 to about 93:7, a preferred wax to oil weight ratio in the range of from about 1:1 to about 1:4, void containing material to yield a final density at the time of manufacture of from about 1.20 to about 1.25 grams per cubic centimeter and optionally up to about 12 parts by weight of auxiliary fuel per 88 parts of the above composition. The blasting agents are capable of cartridge-to-cartridge propagation even when detonated under high heads of water when packaged in cardboard containers.

Abstract: A liquid phase alkylation process for production of alkylate useful as motor fuel, wherein low molecular weight isoparaffin hydrocarbons are alkylated with olefin hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst, comprising a mixture of a major portion of sulfuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) with a minor portion of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H) which may contain about 0-3 weight percent water and about 0-10 weight percent acid oils.

Abstract: A process for removal of fluoride compounds from spent alkylation catalyst containing fluorosulfonic acid and sulfuric acid wherein said spent catalyst is hydrolyzed in the presence of water, at subatmospheric pressure in a vacuum digestion zone for conversion of a major portion of fluorosulfonic acid to hydrogen fluoride, wherein said hydrogen fluoride is removed from the vacuum digestion zone as a vapor, and wherein the remaining sulfuric acid rich liquid fraction of the spent catalyst is treated with silica-alumina cracking catalyst for removal of most of the remaining residual fluoride compounds for providing a sulfuric acid effluent substantially free of fluoride compounds. The hydrogen fluoride recovered is reacted with sulfur trioxide to form fresh fluorosulfonic acid which is combined with sulfuric acid to provide fresh alkylation catalyst.

Abstract: A liquid phase alkylation process for production of alkylate useful as motor fuel, wherein low molecular weight isoparaffin hydrocarbons are alkylated with olefin hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst comprising HFSO.sub.3 and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 in weight ratio of from about 0.11 to 1 to about 0.32 to 1, respectively, having a titratable acidity in the range of 16.5 to 21 milliequivalents per gram, and which may contain about 0-3 weight percent water and about 0-10 weight percent acid oils.

Abstract: A process for removal of fluoride compounds from spent alkylation catalyst containing fluorosulfonic acid and sulfuric acid wherein hydrogen fluoride and fluorosulfonic acid, in the presence of water, are removed by vacuum distillation following which the remaining sulfuric acid rich fraction of the spent catalyst is reacted with a silica containing material to convert most of the remaining residual hydrogen fluoride to silicon fluoride which is volatilized from the mixture to thereby provide a sulfuric acid effluent free of substantial amounts of fluoride compounds. The hydrogen fluoride recovered is reacted with sulfur trioxide to form fresh fluorosulfonic acid which is combined with sulfuric acid to provide fresh alkylation catalyst.

Abstract: A liquid phase alkylation process for production of alkylate useful as motor fuel, wherein low molecular weight isoparaffin hydrocarbons are alkylated with olefin hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst, comprising a mixture of a major portion of sulfuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) with a minor portion of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H) which may contain about 0-3 weight percent water and about 0-10 weight percent acid oils.

Abstract: Corrosion of aluminum metal by sulfuric acid solution is inhibited by addition of soluble fluoride compounds to the acid solutions. Such corrosion inhibition allows use of aluminum as a construction material in process units, particularly sulfuric acid alkylation units, heretofore constructed of heavier and/or more expensive materials.