Abstract: Recovering hydrocarbons from oil shale can include injecting a heated working fluid into a first vessel containing particulate oil shale in a pyrolysis mode. The heated working fluid can have a temperature above a production temperature to pyrolyze kerogen in a stationary bed of the oil shale at or above the production temperature. An effluent can concurrently flow out of the first vessel to be injected into a second vessel in preheating mode. The second vessel containing particulate oil shale has an average temperature below the production temperature so as to capture heat from the effluent sufficient to increase the average temperature of the particulate oil shale and to condense condensable hydrocarbon product while also removing entrained mineral fines mists of condensed hydrocarbons from the effluent. Liquid hydrocarbons can concurrently be collected from the first vessel and/or the second vessel.

Abstract: Recovering hydrocarbons from oil shale can include injecting a heated working fluid into a first vessel containing particulate oil shale in a pyrolysis mode. The heated working fluid can have a temperature above a production temperature to pyrolyze kerogen in a stationary bed of the oil shale at or above the production temperature. An effluent can concurrently flow out of the first vessel to be injected into a second vessel in preheating mode. The second vessel containing particulate oil shale has an average temperature below the production temperature so as to capture heat from the effluent sufficient to increase the average temperature of the particulate oil shale and to condense condensable hydrocarbon product while also removing entrained mineral fines mists of condensed hydrocarbons from the effluent. Liquid hydrocarbons can concurrently be collected from the first vessel and/or the second vessel.

Abstract: Systems and methods for heating material through cogeneration of thermal and electrical energy can include a heat source and an electric generator configured to produce hot exhaust gas and electricity. One or more heating conduits can carry the hot exhaust gas to one or more bodies of material. The electric generator can at least partially power one or more electric heaters configured to reheat the hot exhaust gas after a portion of heat has been transferred from the hot exhaust gas to the one or more bodies of material.

Abstract: Systems for extracting hydrocarbons from a crushed hydrocarbonaceous material can include a body of crushed hydrocarbonaceous material. A pipe can be oriented within the body of crushed hydrocarbonaceous material. The placement of the pipe can be such that the pipe is surrounded on top, bottom, and sides by the crushed hydrocarbonaceous material. The body of crushed hydrocarbonaceous material can be made up of portions having different void fractions. An arching control volume of crushed hydrocarbonaceous material can extend upward from the pipe to a vertical control distance. A support portion of crushed hydrocarbonaceous material can be oriented immediately adjacent sides of the arching control volume. The arching control volume can have a higher void fraction than the support portion. Internal friction between the arching control volume and the support portion can reduce stresses on the pipe as the hydrocarbonaceous material subsides.

Abstract: Systems and methods for heating material through cogeneration of thermal and electrical energy can include a heat source and an electric generator configured to produce hot exhaust gas and electricity. One or more heating conduits can carry the hot exhaust gas to one or more bodies of material. The electric generator can at least partially power one or more electric heaters configured to reheat the hot exhaust gas after a portion of heat has been transferred from the hot exhaust gas to the one or more bodies of material.

Abstract: A method of minimizing vapor transmission from a constructed permeability control infrastructure can comprise forming a heterogeneous hydrated matrix within the constructed permeability control infrastructure, the constructed permeability control infrastructure comprising a permeability control impoundment defining a substantially encapsulated volume. The heterogeneous hydrated matrix includes a particulate solid phase and a continuous liquid phase which is penetrable by a vapor having a permeation rate. The constructed permeability control infrastructure is operated to control the permeation rate by manipulating an operational parameter of the constructed permeability control infrastructure. Additionally, the vapor can be impeded during operating sufficient to contain the vapor within the constructed permeability control infrastructure.

Abstract: A method of reducing settling of residual comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material during processing can comprise forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure which defines a substantially encapsulated volume; introducing a composite comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body, said composite hydrocarbonaceous material comprising a comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material and a structural material; and heating the permeable body sufficient to remove hydrocarbons therefrom such that the hydrocarbonaceous material is substantially stationary during heating, exclusive of subsidence and settling. The structural material can provide structural integrity to the permeable body sufficient to maintain convective flow of fluids throughout the permeable body during heating.

Abstract: A gas containment system can include a gas barrier layer forming a capsule. The gas barrier layer can be made up of a particulate swelling clay, a non-swelling particulate material mixed with the particulate swelling clay, water, and a water-soluble polyol. The water can hydrate the particulate swelling clay and form a continuous liquid phase in the gas barrier layer. The water-soluble polyol can be dissolved in the water. The gas containment system can further include a gas retained inside the capsule.

Abstract: A system for disrupting convective heat flow within a body of hydrocarbonaceous material includes a body of hydrocarbonaceous material which is sufficiently porous that convective currents can form in void spaces of the material. A bulk fluid occupies these void spaces and the bulk fluid is heated by a heat source, causing the bulk fluid to flow through the void spaces in convective currents. A convective barrier is placed in an upper portion of the body of hydrocarbonaceous material. This convective barrier is configured to disrupt convective flow of the bulk fluid.

Abstract: A system and method for long term storage of waste can include a comminuted material having a high surface area. The comminuted material can include particles of processed hydrocarbonaceous materials from which hydrocarbon products have been derived. The comminuted material can be contacted with a flowable waste material so that the flowable waste material is retained in the comminuted material. This flowable waste material is some material other than hydrocarbon products that have been derived from the hydrocarbonaceous materials. An encapsulation barrier can envelope the comminuted material and provide a secondary means of preventing escape of the flowable waste material.

Abstract: A method for removal and condensation of vapors from within an enclosed space is disclosed. An enclosed space containing hydrocarbonaceous material is surrounded by an insulative permeable layer having a lowering temperature gradient between the inner surface and the outer surfaces. The insulative layer may also be covered by an impermeable layer. Heating the material in the enclosed space causes the formation of vapors at a positive pressure within the enclosed space. Vapors pass through the inner surface of the insulative permeable layer and contact the permeable materials and are condensed by the lowering temperature within the insulative layer. The condensate liquid passes downwardly through the insulative layer and is then collected.

Abstract: A method of reducing residual hydrocarbon accumulation during processing can comprise forming a permeable body (608) of a comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material within an enclosure (602). A primary liquid collection system (610) is located in a lower portion of the permeable body. The primary liquid collection system (610) has an upper surface for collecting and removing liquids. Comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material below the primary liquid collection system (610) forms a non-production zone (616). At least a portion of the permeable body (608) is heated to a bulk temperature above a production temperature sufficient to remove hydrocarbons therefrom within a production zone (614), where conditions in the non-production zone (616) are maintained below the production temperature.

Abstract: A gas containment system can include a gas barrier layer forming a capsule. The gas barrier layer can be made up of a particulate swelling clay, a non-swelling particulate material mixed with the particulate swelling clay, water, and a water-soluble polyol. The water can hydrate the particulate swelling clay and form a continuous liquid phase in the gas barrier layer. The water-soluble polyol can be dissolved in the water. The gas containment system can further include a gas retained inside the capsule.

Abstract: A method of removing fines from a hydrocarbon-containing fluid can include preparing a bed media of particulate earthen material (12). The hydrocarbon-containing fluid having fines therein can be passed through the bed media (12) at a flow rate such that a portion of the fines are retained in the bed media (12) to form a filtered hydrocarbon-containing fluid. The flow rate is sufficient to maintain a wetting film of the hydrocarbon-containing fluid across at least a majority portion of the particulate earthen material which is contacted by the hydrocarbon-containing fluid. The filtered hydrocarbon-containing fluid can be recovered from the bed media (12) via a suitable outlet (16) having substantially reduced or eliminated fines content.

Abstract: A method of maintaining structural integrity of a subsiding earthen fluid containment structure is disclosed and comprises forming a lined containment infrastructure including a convex bulged crown portion, floor portion and sidewall portions which enclose a municipal waste material within an enclosed volume such that fluid flow from the lined containment compound is restricted. The bulged crown flattens, thickens and diminishes in surface area during subsidence of the municipal waste material as fluid is removed. The bulged crown is shaped to avoid tensile stresses which may otherwise result in breach or failure of lined containment during subsidence. Further, the lined containment structure can include an inner insulative layer and an outer impermeable seal layer having unique contributions as described in more detail herein.

Abstract: A system and method for long term storage of waste can include a comminuted material having a high surface area. The comminuted material can include particles of processed hydrocarbonaceous materials from which hydrocarbon products have been derived. The comminuted material can be contacted with a flowable waste material so that the flowable waste material is retained in the comminuted material. This flowable waste material is some material other than hydrocarbon products that have been derived from the hydrocarbonaceous materials. An encapsulation barrier can envelope the comminuted material and provide a secondary means of preventing escape of the flowable waste material.

Abstract: A method of maintaining structural integrity of a subsiding earthen fluid containment structure is disclosed and comprises forming a lined containment infrastructure (100) including a convex bulged crown portion (120), floor portion (110) and sidewall portions (115) which enclose a comminuted earthen material (126) within an enclosed volume (125) such that fluid flow from the lined containment compound is restricted. The bulged crown flattens, thickens and diminishes in surface area during subsidence of the comminuted earthen material as fluid is removed. The bulged crown is shaped to avoid tensile stresses which may otherwise result in breach or failure of lined containment during subsidence. Further, the lined containment structure can include an inner insulative layer and an outer impermeable seal layer having unique contributions as described in more detail herein.

Abstract: An access system for a pressure controlled environment is disclosed and described. The system can include a pressurized region having a first fluid. The pressurized region can be defined, at least partially, by a barrier separating the pressurized region from a lower pressure region. The system can also include a trap fluidly coupling the pressurized region and the lower pressure region through at least a portion of the barrier. The trap can have a second fluid forming a seal to prevent the first fluid from escaping the pressurized region. Additionally, the system can include at least one cable extending through the trap and the barrier into the pressurized region.

Abstract: A method for removal and condensation of vapors from within an enclosed space is disclosed. An enclosed space containing hydrocarbonaceous material is surrounded by an insulative permeable layer having a lowering temperature gradient between the inner surface and the outer surfaces. The insulative layer may also be covered by an impermeable layer. Heating the material in the enclosed space causes the formation of vapors at a positive pressure within the enclosed space. Vapors pass through the inner surface of the insulative permeable layer and contact the permeable materials and are condensed by the lowering temperature within the insulative layer. The condensate liquid passes downwardly through the insulative layer and is then collected.

Abstract: A method of minimizing vapor transmission from a constructed permeability control infrastructure can comprise forming a heterogeneous hydrated matrix within the constructed permeability control infrastructure, the constructed permeability control infrastructure comprising a permeability control impoundment defining a substantially encapsulated volume. The heterogeneous hydrated matrix includes a particulate solid phase and a continuous liquid phase which is penetrable by a vapor having a permeation rate. The constructed permeability control infrastructure is operated to control the permeation rate by manipulating an operational parameter of the constructed permeability control infrastructure. Additionally, the vapor can be impeded during operating sufficient to contain the vapor within the constructed permeability control infrastructure.