Abstract: The invention encompasses compositions and methods relating to viral polymerases having one or more substitutions of different amino acids at conserved regions of the polymerase yields enzymes with varying rates and fidelity of replication. A universally applicable, polymerase-mechanism-based strategy for production of attenuated viruses and anti-viral vaccines is disclosed. Attenuated viruses serve as vaccines and were shown to provide protection against poliovirus challenge in vivo.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a ribonucleoside analogue in accordance with general formula (I) or (II) as herein defined in admixture with a physiologically acceptable excipient diluent or carrier.

Abstract: A bottle strap is adapted to detachable engagement with the neck of a bottle. The neck has a bottle neck ring with a neck region disposed below the ring. The strap is a flat elongated flexible thin member having two opposite ends with an enlargement at one end. The enlargement has an opening therein. The opening has a serrated periphery and is adapted to be snap fitted over the bottle neck ring so that the enlargement is firmly secured to the neck region, the other end of the member being adapted to detachably engage the member at a position intermediate its ends, thereby forming a closed loop.