Abstract: Disclosed herein are battery management systems (BMS) for controlling the operating state of a battery pack device, as well as methods for changing the operating state of a battery pack device. The battery pack may have multiple cells therein, each cell capable of generating multiple different voltages to allow more energy (voltage×current) to be quickly and efficiently put into the battery, thus optimizing battery charging (i.e., reducing battery charging times). These battery packs may change from operating in series, to operating in parallel, when desired, while utilizing affordable relays and more affordable electrical components. These battery packs may be comprised of any number of cells and can controlled and/or operated by the BMS, for optimal battery charging, or for optimal discharging, as desired. The BMS may be any type of control logic and/or software, operable to control and/or operate the battery packs.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are battery management systems (BMS) for controlling the operating state of a battery pack device, as well as methods for changing the operating state of a battery pack device. The battery pack may have multiple cells therein, each cell capable of generating multiple different voltages to allow more energy (voltage×current) to be quickly and efficiently put into the battery, thus optimizing battery charging (i.e., reducing battery charging times). These battery packs may change from operating in series, to operating in parallel, when desired, while utilizing affordable relays and more affordable electrical components. These battery packs may be comprised of any number of cells and can controlled and/or operated by the BMS, for optimal battery charging, or for optimal discharging, as desired. The BMS may be any type of control logic and/or software, operable to control and/or operate the battery packs.

Abstract: A circular hole cutting apparatus comprising a support frame, having a forward end, a rearward end, a lower end, and an upper end; the forward end forming a cutting bit mounting means, capable of rotatably retaining a cutting bit so that the upper end of the cutting bit may upwardly extend from the upper end of the support frame, and so that the lower end of such a cutting bit may downwardly extend from the lower end of the support frame; and the lower end of the support frame forming a radius arm mounting means, the radius arm mounting means being capable of adjustably retaining a radius arm, so that the rearward end of the radius arm may alternately extend rearwardly from the rearward end of the support frame and retract forwardly from positions rearward of the rearward end of the support frame.