Abstract: The energy storage system operating apparatus and method includes a pre-optimization processing unit configured to generate an operating schedule, which is for operating the energy storage system during a set period, for each predetermined section by reflecting electric power billing environment data in at least one of a consumer policy and operating characteristics of the energy storage system and configured to set an electric power reserve to prepare for a shortage of an electric power amount; and an operating control unit configured to detect, for each section, an error between a value measured as being actually consumed and a predicted value of the operating schedule generated by the pre-optimization processing unit and configured to selectively reflect the electric power reserve in a discharging amount corresponding to the operating schedule in a subsequent section according to the detected error to control an energy storage system operating unit.

Abstract: A display device is disclosed. In one aspect, the display device includes a substrate including a display area and a non-display area and an input wiring portion and an output wiring portion formed in the non-display area. The display device also includes a driver integrated circuit (IC) formed over the substrate and electrically connected to the input and output wiring portions. Each of the input and output wiring portions includes a metal layer and a metal carbide layer that covers the metal layer.

Abstract: A display device is disclosed. In one aspect, the display device includes a substrate including a display area and a non-display area and an input wiring portion and an output wiring portion formed in the non-display area. The display device also includes a driver integrated circuit (IC) formed over the substrate and electrically connected to the input and output wiring portions. Each of the input and output wiring portions includes a metal layer and a metal carbide layer that covers the metal layer.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes an image data comparator which receives first, second and third color image data, extracts first, second and third image data from the first, second and third color image date by comparing gray scale values of the first, second and third color image date such that each of grayscale values of the second and third image data is greater than or equal to a gray scale value of the first image data, and compares the gray scale value of the first image data with a predetermined gray scale value, a driving circuit which generates a gray scale signal based on a result of the comparison and generates first and second color signals based on the first, second or third image data, and a pixel including a first sub-pixel which receives the gray scale signal, second and third sub-pixels which receive the first and second color signals, respectively.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing is disclosed for an electrophoretic display apparatus that includes an array substrate and an electrophoretic film laminated to the array substrate. A thermally activated adhesive is used to adhesively attach the electrophoretic film to the array substrate. The electrophoretic film is first aligned to and flattened against the array substrate and then a substantially stronger than original adhesion property of the adhesive is activated by annealing at a high temperature that is substantially greater than room temperature. Rework prior to annealing is therefore possible when alignment errors occur between the electrophoretic film and the array substrate.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display panel on which a pad part is formed, a driving chip including bumps making contact with the pad part, and a non-conductive adhesive film disposed between the display panel and the driving chip attaching the driving chip to the pad part. Each of the bumps includes a step-difference portion including a non-conductive elastic polymer and a bump line formed on the step-difference portion. The bump line is provided with a fine pattern through which a portion of the step-difference portion is exposed, and the bump line makes contact with the pad part. Accordingly, the reliability of the electrical connection between the driving chip and the display panel may be increased.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes an image data comparator which receives first, second and third color image data, extracts first, second and third image data from the first, second and third color image date by comparing gray scale values of the first, second and third color image date such that each of grayscale values of the second and third image data is greater than or equal to a gray scale value of the first image data, and compares the gray scale value of the first image data with a predetermined gray scale value, a driving circuit which generates a gray scale signal based on a result of the comparison and generates first and second color signals based on the first, second or third image data, and a pixel including a first sub-pixel which receives the gray scale signal, second and third sub-pixels which receive the first and second color signals, respectively.

Abstract: A thin film transistor substrate includes a color filter layer and a gate line. The color filter layer has a reverse taper shape, which is used to pattern the gate line without a separate mask. Thus, the total number of masks used to manufacture the thin film transistor substrate can be reduced, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost and improving the productivity.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing is disclosed for an electrophoretic display apparatus that includes an array substrate and an electrophoretic film laminated to the array substrate. A thermally activated adhesive is used to adhesively attach the electrophoretic film to the array substrate. The electrophoretic film is first aligned to and flattened against the array substrate and then a substantially stronger than original adhesion property of the adhesive is activated by annealing at a high temperature that is substantially greater than room temperature. Rework prior to annealing is therefore possible when alignment errors occur between the electrophoretic film and the array substrate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing is disclosed for an electrophoretic display apparatus that includes an array substrate and an electrophoretic film laminated to the array substrate. A thermally activated adhesive is used to adhesively attach the electrophoretic film to the array substrate. The electrophoretic film is first aligned to and flattened against the array substrate and then a substantially stronger than original adhesion property of the adhesive is activated by annealing at a high temperature that is substantially greater than room temperature. Rework prior to annealing is therefore possible when alignment errors occur between the electrophoretic film and the array substrate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing is disclosed for an electrophoretic display apparatus that includes an array substrate and an electrophoretic film laminated to the array substrate. A thermally activated adhesive is used to adhesively attach the electrophoretic film to the array substrate. The electrophoretic film is first aligned to and flattened against the array substrate and then a substantially stronger than original adhesion property of the adhesive is activated by annealing at a high temperature that is substantially greater than room temperature. Rework prior to annealing is therefore possible when alignment errors occur between the electrophoretic film and the array substrate.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display panel includes a first member, a second member, an electrophoretic layer and an outer member. The first member includes a first substrate and a pixel electrode formed on the first substrate. The first substrate has a display area and a dummy area disposed outside of the display area. The second member includes a second substrate facing the first substrate and a common electrode formed on a first surface of the second substrate. The electrophoretic layer is disposed between the first member and the second member and displays an image by an electric field generated between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. The outer member covers the dummy area and blocks light, so that display quality is improved.

Abstract: A thin film transistor substrate includes a color filter layer and a gate line. The color filter layer has a reverse taper shape, which is used to pattern the gate line without a separate mask. Thus, the total number of masks used to manufacture the thin film transistor substrate can be reduced, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost and improving the productivity.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display including a cholesteric liquid crystal and having a first insulation substrate and a second insulation substrate that face each other, the method comprising: forming an organic layer on the first insulation substrate or the second insulation substrate; pressing a mold onto the organic layer; hardening the organic layer; and removing the mold so as to form a cell gap formation pattern in the organic layer, the cell gap formation pattern including first, second, and third portions each having different thicknesses.

Abstract: A thin film transistor display substrate comprises a base substrate on which a pixel area including a first reflection area and a second reflection area is defined. A gate line formed on the base substrate and a data line formed on the base substrate. The data line is insulated from and intersected with the gate line to define the pixel area. A thin film transistor is formed in the pixel area and connected to the gate line and the data line. A first reflection layer is formed on the base substrate and corresponds to the first reflection area. A color filter is formed on the first reflection layer and corresponds to the pixel area. A second reflection layer is formed on the color filter and corresponds to the second reflection area. A pixel electrode is formed on the color filter and is electrically connected to the thin film transistor.

Abstract: A thin film transistor substrate includes a color filter layer and a gate line. The color filter layer has a reverse taper shape, which is used to pattern the gate line without a separate mask. Thus, the total number of masks used to manufacture the thin film transistor substrate can be reduced, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost and improving the productivity.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display panel on which a pad part is formed, a driving chip including bumps making contact with the pad part, and a non-conductive adhesive film disposed between the display panel and the driving chip attaching the driving chip to the pad part. Each of the bumps includes a step-difference portion including a non-conductive elastic polymer and a bump line formed on the step-difference portion. The bump line is provided with a fine pattern through which a portion of the step-difference portion is exposed, and the bump line makes contact with the pad part. Accordingly, the reliability of the electrical connection between the driving chip and the display panel may be increased.

Abstract: A thin film transistor substrate includes a color filter layer and a gate line. The color filter layer has a reverse taper shape, which is used to pattern the gate line without a separate mask. Thus, the total number of masks used to manufacture the thin film transistor substrate can be reduced, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost and improving the productivity.

Abstract: A thin film transistor display substrate comprises a base substrate on which a pixel area including a first reflection area and a second reflection area is defined. A gate line formed on the base substrate and a data line formed on the base substrate. The data line is insulated from and intersected with the gate line to define the pixel area. A thin film transistor is formed in the pixel area and connected to the gate line and the data line. A first reflection layer is formed on the base substrate and corresponds to the first reflection area. A color filter is formed on the first reflection layer and corresponds to the pixel area. A second reflection layer is formed on the color filter and corresponds to the second reflection area. A pixel electrode is formed on the color filter and is electrically connected to the thin film transistor.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, the method of manufacturing a thin film transistor array panel includes forming a gate wire, a data wire, and a thin film transistor on a substrate and depositing an organic material layer on the gate wire, the data wire, and the thin film transistor. The method further includes forming an optical pattern on the upper surface of the organic material layer, depositing a reflecting electrode layer on the organic material layer, etching the reflecting electrode layer, etching the organic material layer after etching the reflecting electrode layer, and forming a pixel electrode on the reflecting electrode layer. Accordingly, the optical pattern on the upper surface of organic material may be transcribed to the reflecting electrode layer without damage and with clarity.