Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus that extends vertically along a longitudinal axis, that cools a liquid, including: a first delta positioned at a first point along the longitudinal axis, the first delta including: a first inlet conduit for inlet liquid flow, the first inlet conduit being in fluid communication with a first inlet main, and a first outlet conduit for outlet fluid flow, the first outlet conduit being in fluid communication with the first inlet conduit and a first outlet main, and a second delta positioned at a second point along the longitudinal axis above the first delta, the second delta including: a second inlet conduit for inlet liquid flow, the second inlet conduit being in fluid communication with a second inlet main, and a second outlet conduit for outlet fluid flow, the second outlet conduit being in fluid communication with the second inlet conduit and a second outlet main.

Abstract: A condensing system is provided. The condensing system may include baffle plate units having a substantially flat surface and openings configured for cooling fluid to flow through; and baffles attached to the baffle plate unit, the baffles oriented at an acute angle with respect to the baffle plate unit, the baffles having a flat surface and figured to diffuse a cooling fluid into a thin, turbulent film at a similar acute angle. A method of condensing a fluid is provided. The method includes defining a path for the fluid to be condensed to flow; spraying a cooling fluid against a baffle thereby creating a turbulent film of cooling fluid in the path for the fluid to be condensed and orienting some of the baffles to create a film of cooling fluid oriented in one direction and orienting other baffles to create a film of cooling fluid in a second direction wherein the path of the fluid to be condensed causes the fluid to be condensed to flow over films oriented in both the first and second directions.

Abstract: A condensing system is provided. The condensing system may include baffle plate units having a substantially flat surface and openings configured for cooling fluid to flow through; and baffles attached to the baffle plate unit, the baffles oriented at an acute angle with respect to the baffle plate unit, the baffles having a flat surface and figured to diffuse a cooling fluid into a thin, turbulent film at a similar acute angle. A method of condensing a fluid is provided. The method includes defining a path for the fluid to be condensed to flow; spraying a cooling fluid against a baffle thereby creating a turbulent film of cooling fluid in the path for the fluid to be condensed and orienting some of the baffles to create a film of cooling fluid oriented in one direction and orienting other baffles to create a film of cooling fluid in a second direction wherein the path of the fluid to be condensed causes the fluid to be condensed to flow over films oriented in both the first and second directions.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus that extends vertically along a longitudinal axis, that cools a liquid, including: a first delta positioned at a first point along the longitudinal axis, the first delta including: a first inlet conduit for inlet liquid flow, the first inlet conduit being in fluid communication with a first inlet main, and a first outlet conduit for outlet fluid flow, the first outlet conduit being in fluid communication with the first inlet conduit and a first outlet main, and a second delta positioned at a second point along the longitudinal axis above the first delta, the second delta including: a second inlet conduit for inlet liquid flow, the second inlet conduit being in fluid communication with a second inlet main, and a second outlet conduit for outlet fluid flow, the second outlet conduit being in fluid communication with the second inlet conduit and a second outlet main.

Abstract: An air-cooled condenser includes an upper header for distributing a vaporous medium to be condensed, a lower header for collecting condensate, spaced finned tubes with outer fins, the finned tubes being connected in parallel between the upper header and the lower header and cooled by a cooling air flow, means for draining the condensate form the lower header and extraction means for removing non-condensible gases from the condenser. The lower header is also used for distributing the vaporous medium to the finned tubes, so that the vaporous medium id fed into the finned tubes through both the upper and lower headers, and the extraction means are connected to each of the finned tubes at its portion facing the cooling air flow.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus comprising an air-cooled heat exchanger, a plurality of louvres to control a cooling air flow passing the heat exchanger, a mechanism for operating the louvres and means for actuating the operating mechanism according to temperature of the heat exchanger. The actuating means comprises a bar having a first end and a second end and being of a material having a considerably lower thermal expansion coefficient than that of the heat exchanger, said bar being attached by its first end substantially at a first end of the heat exchanger, and means for controlling the position of the operating mechanism in dependence on a difference in displacements of the second end.

Abstract: An air-cooled condenser comprising a distributing chamber for distributing a vaporous medium to be condensed, a condensate collecting chamber and finned tubes with fins on air side, said finned tubes being connected in parallel between the distributing chamber and the condensate collecting chamber, where each of the finned tubes comprises two parallel essentially flat side walls and exterior closings connecting the side walls, in the finned tubes there are longitudinal separation walls connected to the side walls and dividing the inner space of the finned tubes into longitudinal parallel channels, and in the separation walls there are breakthroughs and closure elements for allowing the flow of the medium between neighboring channels.

Abstract: A contactless apparatus for measuring contaminants in a semiconductor specimen (24) includes a tunable microwave generator (26) coupled by a coaxial cable (36) to a tuned narrowband microstrip antenna (38) that defines a through hole (72). The antenna is placed in near field relationship to the specimen to direct microwave energy toward a first specimen surface (44). This proximity provides a substantially more powerful microwave field than prior art systems, and the specimen comprises an impedance termination for the microwave path that includes the microwave generator and antenna, thereby rendering system measurements substantially immune to mechanical vibration of the specimen. A pulsed laser (42) directs optical energy through the antenna through hole toward the first specimen surface (44). The optical energy generates minority carriers within the specimen that begin to recombine upon cessation of each pulse.

Abstract: A pipe connection comprising a tube of plastically deformable material has an expanded end section received in a hole in a tube plate with a sealing ring received in an annular seat in the hole sealing the tube to the plate. The extreme end of the tube may be deformed conically into contact with one side of the plate to provide a rigid structural joint therebetween. More than one sealing ring may be employed. Methods of making the pipe connection may involve constricting a portion of the end section to provide a space between the end portion and the tube plate hole to permit the seal to be inserted, followed by expansion of the tube end to compress the seal and engage the tube plate wall in metal-to-metal contact. Other variations of the process are disclosed.

Abstract: A jet condenser of the type comprising a water chamber in a mixing chamber (24) and an after-cooler (52), wherein the water chamber is subdivided in a narrower upper water chamber portion (38a) and a broader lower water chamber portion (39b). The after-cooler (52) is fixed at the junction (66) of both water chamber portions (38a, 38b). Cooling water is injected into the mixing chamber (24) by nozzles (40) of the upper water chamber portion (38a) where it flows in vertical direction. By the reduced width of the upper water chamber portion (38a) flow resistance of steam flow in the mixing chamber (24) and, thereby, undesired subcooling is substantially diminished. (FIG. 3).

Abstract: A dry-operated chimney cooling tower suitable for cooling warm water from a power station and operating with a natural draft, is provided with downstream jalousies to assist in frost protection and energy conservation. These jalousies can be capable of forming a "diving bell" like enclosure around air radiators to contain warmed air therearound.

Abstract: A cooling system for condensing the exhaust steam of steam turbine plants, particularly of power plants, comprises a mixing condenser connected to the outflow of the steam turbine, a dry cooling tower connected to the cooling water circuit of the mixing condenser, and a wet cooling apparatus provided inside the cooling tower.Although wet cooling apparatus seem to be suitable to additionally increase the cooling performance of the cooling tower and, thereby, its effective operation even in case of exceptionally high ambient temperatures, the air exiting from them is cooler than the air flowing in through the main heat exchangers of the cooling tower and, therefore, the draft of the latter suffers deterioration when the two air streams mix one with the other. It means that the effectiveness of complementary cooling is may be impaired.

Abstract: In a process for determining the layer thickness of semiconductor layer structures, a sample of a multilayer semi-conductor (4) is placed in contact with an electrolyte (2) then subjected to anodic etching during which the depth of etching is determined by integration of the current. During etching, the sample (4) is also excited by an electric signal and the real component of the admittance and hence the conductance of the probe at the frequency of excitation is determined, the extreme values of this component are analyzed, and the values of the depth of etching corresponding to these extremes, which characterize the junctions between the layers of the sample (4) tested, are determined.

Abstract: Air condensers are liable to suffer from undercooling which may entail frost damages and represents, in any case, thermo-dynamic losses. In order to prevent undercooling the working length (X) of the cooling surfaces of the air condensers (10) are controlled by shutters (28) which are associated with a drive mechanism (30) operated dependent on the temperature difference of condensates withdrawing from a first and a further row of tubes (18, 20) of the air condensers. By shutters (46) located in a gap (44) between the air condensers (10) the cooling air is enabled to recirculate whereby danger of frost and undesired risings of the temperature level of condensation may be avoided and impeded, respectively. A casing (68) encompassing the air condensers (10) and provided with shutters (64, 66) at its bottom and top permits starting without danger of frost likewise by means of recirculation. (FIG.

Abstract: A heat exchanger having a plurality of parallel pipes arranged in lines and strips of fin plates fixed to the pipes perpendicularly to the lengths thereof. Turbulence-forming structures are cut out of the fin plates and are bent up at 90.degree. with respect to the planes of the plates, such structures functioning as fin plate spacers and as baffles to direct a fluid medium of inferior heat transfer coefficient which flows in a direction parallel to the planes of the finned plates and perpendicularly to the pipes. The pipes are adapted to conduct a fluid medium of superior heat transfer coefficient. The turbulence-forming structures are disposed in lines on each side of the lines of pipes and in rows which are substantially tangential to the opposite sides of the pipes. The heat exchanger may have a plurality of lines of pipes spaced equally transversely from each other and transvetsely of the direction of flow of the fluid medium of inferior heat transfer coefficient.

Abstract: In a cooling apparatus operated by ambient air and an agent to be cooled which can have solid state at atmospherical temperatures, a housing such as a cooling tower (100) with air inlets and air closure means at the air inlets and large surface heat exchangers (3) arranged within the cooling tower (100) at its air inlets and divided into groups or sectors being in parallel connection are provided, with which the agent is cooled by the air streaming through the large surface heat exchangers (3). At least one pre-heating heat exchanger (20) is arranged in the air space (29) of each sector of the large surface heat exchangers (3), and the pre-heating heat exchangers (20) are in parallel connection with the large surface heat exchangers (3) of each sector.

Abstract: A method for determining charged energy states of a sample of a semiconductor or insulator material by using deep level transient spectroscopy.

Abstract: A helicoidally finned tube for use mainly in heat exchangers. The tube comprises a cylindrical tubular member which carries or is integral with a helical member the turns of which form the fins of the tube. The fins are provided with ripples which extend from the outer rim of the fins inwardly and the depth of which diminishes toward the tube center. The ripples serve for diverting a cooling medium inwardly to hotter parts of the tube thereby improving its heat transfer performance. The helicoidal member has rippled sections alternately with level sections, the rippled sections subtending an angle not exceeding about 90 degrees and both types of sections on successive turns registering with one another in the direction of the axis of the tubular member.

Abstract: A Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) method in which a high frequency measuring signal is applied continuously on a semiconductor junction, and exciting pulses are generated which are coupled through fast semiconductor switching elements to the junction to alternatively bias the junction in reverse and forward (or slightly reverse) directions. The high frequency measuring signal passed through the junction is evaluated by means of a lock-in amplifier phase-locked with a constant phase angle, independent of the repetition rate of the exciting pulses.The evaluation circuits of the apparatus including the lock-in amplifier are controlled by switching elements driven by control signals generated from the exciting pulses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plant for utilization of low-potential waste heat of a gas-pipeline compressor station in a heat consumer which is outside the station such as e.g. district heating systems for homes, for industrial or agricultural purposes. The compressor stations of this type have a compressor driven by a gas motor or gas turbine.The improvement is in that a surface heat exchanger (7) cooled with liquid, preferably with water is provided for cooling the gas after leaving the compressor and being warmed in the course of compression. The heat exchanger is connected to the heat consumer through a liquid conduit having a circulation pump in it (FIG. 1).