Abstract: In an internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection including a cylinder block containing at least one cylinder with a piston, which performs an oscillating motion in the cylinder and a cylinder head including a combustion chamber for the at least one cylinder, a total of five intake and exhaust valves with respective intake and exhaust ducts are arranged in the cylinder head in a circular array and a spark plug and an injector are arranged in a center area of the combustion chamber between the intake and exhaust valves and point towards the center of the combustion chamber.

Abstract: In a cast cylinderhead of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine wherein gas flow channels (exhaust gas and intake air flow channels) and at least one longitudinal gas flow passage with branch passages extending between the longitudinal gas flow passages and particular gas flow channels are formed in the cylinderhead, the gas flow channels, any longitudinal gas flow passage and all the branch passages are formed by a single-piece casting core structure.

Abstract: In a cylinder head for a liquid cooled internal combustion engine with a casing with a coolant space and with air inlet and exhaust gas outlet passages and inlet and exhaust valves in the inlet and exhaust passages, an integrated channel system is provided which includes at least a first channel with connecting branches to the outlet passages and a second channel with connecting branches to the inlet passages for selectively supplying secondary air to the outlet passages or exhaust gas to the inlet passages of the cylinder head.

Abstract: Snow stop has a base, a snow-hindering member, and a convolute hook. The convolute hook includes a forward section, a first opening section, and a further opening section; the convolute hook can be present at a distal end of a base of the snow stop, and it also can include a distal base bend section, and an extending section. The snow stop can have its base and convolute hook made to include sheet metal, for an example, copper. In general, the convolute hook can act as a spring. The hook minimizes or eliminates crushing of the same, and the snow stop can be retro-fit in slate, shake and shingle roofs efficiently.

Abstract: A roofing system has a sheet surface which may include standing ridges or batten ridges, and the sheet surface has a predetermined arrangement of three dimensional features in addition to the standing ridges or the batten ridges. A snow stop may be installed in conjunction therewith, and may have lower protrusions which may be generally complimentary thereto and/or a snow wedge so as to further help keep it from being disengaged by typical shear and/or peel forces after installation. Thus, for example, as with aluminum or steel standing seamed roofs, added fence type snow guards with their brackets and so forth can be avoided, and/or individual snow stops can be installed so as to have greatly increased holding power to the roofing surface, even in notable cases when applied by underskilled workers.

Abstract: A new snow stop includes a base, a support projecting from the base, and a restraining member attached to or made integral with and part of the support, wherein the base has a support opening therein, and the support is formed from a suitable foldable stock and is attached to the base, the support having a leg which projects upwardly from the base and which thrusts through the support opening of the base, and the support having a foot which lies underneath the base and which extends outwardly of the support opening of the base. A method to make the snow stop includes providing an intermediate restraining member and support having an extended leg with enough suitable foldable stock to provide a foot, inserting the extended leg of the intermediate through a support opening of a base, and folding the suitable foldable stock inserted therethrough to provide a foot of the support. Use of the snow stop can include attachment to a roof.