Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for evaporation comprising a vacuum chamber, a substrate stage defining a substrate plane and at least one effusion cell, the effusion cell comprising a crucible having a volume, wherein said effusion cell, crucible and substrate stage are arranged inside the vacuum chamber. The crucible comprises a first end, a second end, at least one side wall and an aperture. In a typical apparatus according to the invention the aperture is situated in the first wall or in a side wall closer to the first end than the second end, the second end arranged closer to the substrate plane than the first end. The invention also relates to a crucible for evaporation, having a volume, comprising a first end, a second end, at least one side wall and an aperture. The invention further relates to a method of growing a film on a substrate.

Abstract: The phosphorus effusion cell arrangement according to the present invention comprises a first vacuum container for red phosphorus, a second vacuum container for white phosphorus, said first and second vacuum containers being interconnected, means for providing vacuum, a thermal cracker in connection with said second vacuum container, as well as a control valve between said second vacuum container and said thermal cracker. The present invention is characterized in that it further comprises a separating valve between said first and second vacuum containers, provided that there is no direct connection between said first vacuum container and said thermal cracker. The invention also relates to a method for producing molecular phosphorus P2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for evaporation comprising a vacuum chamber, a substrate stage defining a substrate plane and at least one effusion cell, the effusion cell comprising a crucible having a volume, wherein said effusion cell, crucible and substrate stage are arranged inside the vacuum chamber. The crucible comprises a first end, a second end, at least one side wall and an aperture. In a typical apparatus according to the invention the aperture is situated in the first wall or in a side wall closer to the first end than the second end, the second end arranged closer to the substrate plane than the first end. The invention also relates to a crucible for evaporation, having a volume, comprising a first end, a second end, at least one side wall and an aperture. The invention further relates to a method of growing a film on a substrate.

Abstract: The phosphorus effusion cell arrangement according to the present invention comprises a first vacuum container for red phosphorus, a second vacuum container for white phosphorus, said first and second vacuum containers being interconnected, means for providing vacuum, a thermal cracker in connection with said second vacuum container, as well as a control valve between said second vacuum container and said thermal cracker. The present invention is characterized in that it further comprises a separating valve between said first and second vacuum containers, provided that there is no direct connection between said first vacuum container and said thermal cracker. The invention also relates to a method for producing molecular phosphorus P2.

Abstract: Apparati and methods for varying the flux of a molecular beam emanating from an effusion cell are disclosed. The apparatus includes a means for controllably adjusting the angular distribution of a molecular field effusing from a source material within the effusion cell, therein adjusting the flux of the beam. The method herein disclosed, with respect to the related apparati, including the step of selectively altering the angular distribution of an effusing molecular field, produced by a heated source material, which comprises the molecular beam, thereby varying the flux of the beam.

Abstract: Apparati and methods for varying the flux of a molecular beam emanating from an effusion cell are disclosed. The apparatus includes a means for controllably adjusting the angular distribution of a molecular field effusing from a source material within the effusion cell, therein adjusting the flux of the beam. The method herein disclosed, with respect to the related apparati, including the step of selectively altering the angular distribution of an effusing molecular field, produced by a heated source material, which comprises the molecular beam, thereby varying the flux of the beam.