Abstract: A positive electrode active material may include a compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2: Li(1.333?0.667x?y)Mn(0.667?0.333x)NixA(y?a)MaO2 (1), Li(1.333?0.667x?z?a)Mn(0.667?0.333x?0.5y)Ni(x?0.5y+z)A(y+a?b)MbO2 (2). A is Co, Cr, or a combination thereof, M is W+6, Ta+5, V+5, or a combination thereof, 0<x<0.5, 0<y<0.333, 0<x<0.04, 0<x?0.5y+z<0.5, 0<y+a?b<0.333, and 0<b<0.04.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material may include a compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2: Li1.10Mn0.52Ni(0.38-x)A(x-a)MaO2 (1), Li1.12Mn0.51Ni(0.37-x)A(x-a)MaO2 (2). A is Co, Cr, or a combination thereof, M is W+6, Ta+5, V+5, or a combination thereof, 0<x<0.1, 0<a<0.04, and 3.8<average oxidation state of Mn ion<4.0.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material includes a compound represented by formula 1: Li(1.333?0.667x?cz?ca)Mn(0.667?0.333x?0.5y)Ni(x?0.5y+cz)M(y+ca)O(2?b)Fb (1), wherein, 0<b<0.1, c=(0 or 1), 0.2<x<0.35, 0.04<y<0.09, 1<1.333?0.667x?cz?a<1.20, 0.5<0.667?0.333x?0.5y<0.667, 0.13<x?0.5y+cz<0.5, 0<y+ca<0.13, and M is Co, Cr, or a combination thereof. This positive electrode active material can be used within the context of a lithium-ion battery or a cell of a lithium-ion battery.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material includes a compound represented by formula 1: Li(1.1+a)Mn(0.51+c)Ni(0.37?x)MxO(2?b)Fb (1), wherein M is Co, Cr, or a combination thereof, 0?a?0.02, 0<b<0.01, 0?c?0.1, and 0<x<0.1. This positive electrode active material can be used within the context of a lithium-ion battery or a cell of a lithium-ion battery.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material includes a compound represented by formula 1: wherein: M is Co or Cr; 2<average oxidation state of Ni ion<2.27; and 0<x<0.1.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material includes a compound represented by formula 1: wherein: (Li+/[M3+ & Ni2+] substitution for Mn3+·M3+=Co3+ or Cr3+) 1 < 1.333 - 0.667 x - z - a < 1.333 0 < x - 0.5 y + z < 0.5 0 < y + a < 0.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material includes a compound represented by formula 1: Li 1.1 ? Mn 0.52 ? Ni 0 . 3 ? 8 - x ? M x ? O 2 ( 1 ) wherein: M is Co or Cr; 2<average oxidation state of Ni ion<2.15; and 0<x<0.06.

Abstract: Methods are provided for emissions control of a vehicle. In one example, a method for an engine may include, responsive to a plurality of diagnostic entry conditions being met, indicating degradation of a hydrocarbon trap based on an NH3 amount in an exhaust gas. In some examples, the NH3 amount may be determined based on one or more NOx sensor outputs. In some examples, the plurality of diagnostic entry conditions may include the engine having been in operation over an initial duration immediately following an engine cold start. Conditions of the exhaust gas following the engine cold start may be opportunistically utilized in determining the NH3 amount from the one or more NOx sensor outputs. In some examples, the exhaust gas may be actively provided at a predetermined air-fuel ratio to meet at least one of the plurality of diagnostic entry conditions.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon trap is provided for reducing cold-start hydrocarbon emissions. The trap comprises a monolithic flow-through substrate having a porosity of at least 60% and including a zeolite loading of at least 4 g/in3 in or on its walls. A separate coating of a three-way catalyst is provided over the zeolite coating. The trap may further include an oxygen storage material. The hydrocarbon trap may be positioned in the exhaust gas system of a vehicle such that unburnt hydrocarbons are adsorbed on the trap and stored until the monolith reaches a sufficient temperature for catalyst activation.

Abstract: Methods are provided for emissions control of a vehicle. In one example, a method for an engine may include, responsive to a plurality of diagnostic entry conditions being met, indicating degradation of a hydrocarbon trap based on an NH3 amount in an exhaust gas. In some examples, the NH3 amount may be determined based on one or more NOx sensor outputs. In some examples, the plurality of diagnostic entry conditions may include the engine having been in operation over an initial duration immediately following an engine cold start. Conditions of the exhaust gas following the engine cold start may be opportunistically utilized in determining the NH3 amount from the one or more NOx sensor outputs. In some examples, the exhaust gas may be actively provided at a predetermined air-fuel ratio to meet at least one of the plurality of diagnostic entry conditions.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon (HC) traps are disclosed. The HC trap may include a first zeolite material having an average pore diameter of at least 5.0 angstroms and configured to trap hydrocarbons from an exhaust stream and to release at least a portion of the trapped hydrocarbons at a temperature of at least 225° C. The HC trap may also include a second zeolite material having an average pore diameter of less than 5.0 angstroms or larger than 7.0 angstroms. One or both of the zeolite materials may include metal ions, such as transition, Group 1A, or platinum group metals. The HC trap may include two or more discrete layers of zeolite materials or the two or more zeolite materials may be mixed. The multiple zeolite HC trap may form coke molecules having a relatively low combustion temperature, such as below 500° C.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon trap catalyst and method of forming the same are disclosed. The method may include introducing copper into a zeolite at 10% to 75% of an ion-exchange level of the zeolite, introducing at least one of nickel and manganese into a zeolite at 50% to 100% total of an ion-exchange level of the zeolite, and applying a three-way catalyst layer. The copper and nickel and/or manganese may be introduced into a single zeolite or the copper may be introduced into a first zeolite layer and the nickel and/or manganese may be introduced into a second zeolite layer. If copper and another metal are introduced into the same zeolite, copper may be introduced first. The disclosed trap catalyst may increase the release temperature of hydrocarbons such as ethanol, propylene and toluene, and thus reduce vehicle cold start tailpipe emissions.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon (HC) traps are disclosed. The HC trap may include a first zeolite material having an average pore diameter of at least 5.0 angstroms and configured to trap hydrocarbons from an exhaust stream and to release at least a portion of the trapped hydrocarbons at a temperature of at least 225° C. The HC trap may also include a second zeolite material having an average pore diameter of less than 5.0 angstroms or larger than 7.0 angstroms. One or both of the zeolite materials may include metal ions, such as transition, Group 1A, or platinum group metals. The HC trap may include two or more discrete layers of zeolite materials or the two or more zeolite materials may be mixed. The multiple zeolite HC trap may form coke molecules having a relatively low combustion temperature, such as below 500° C.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon trap catalyst and method of forming the same are disclosed. The method may include introducing copper into a zeolite at 10% to 75% of an ion-exchange level of the zeolite, introducing at least one of nickel and manganese into a zeolite at 50% to 100% total of an ion-exchange level of the zeolite, and applying a three-way catalyst layer. The copper and nickel and/or manganese may be introduced into a single zeolite or the copper may be introduced into a first zeolite layer and the nickel and/or manganese may be introduced into a second zeolite layer. If copper and another metal are introduced into the same zeolite, copper may be introduced first. The disclosed trap catalyst may increase the release temperature of hydrocarbons such as ethanol, propylene and toluene, and thus reduce vehicle cold start tailpipe emissions.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon trap is provided for reducing cold-start hydrocarbon emissions. The trap comprises a monolithic flow-through substrate having a porosity of at least 60% and including a zeolite loading of at least 4 g/in3 in or on its walls. A separate coating of a three-way catalyst is provided over the zeolite coating. The trap may further include an oxygen storage material. The hydrocarbon trap may be positioned in the exhaust gas system of a vehicle such that unburnt hydrocarbons are adsorbed on the trap and stored until the monolith reaches a sufficient temperature for catalyst activation.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon trap is provided for reducing cold-start hydrocarbon emissions. The trap comprises a monolithic flow-through substrate having a porosity of at least 60% and including a zeolite loading of at least 4 g/in3 in or on its walls. A separate coating of a three-way catalyst is provided over the zeolite coating. The trap may further include an oxygen storage material. The hydrocarbon trap may be positioned in the exhaust gas system of a vehicle such that unburnt hydrocarbons are adsorbed on the trap and stored until the monolith reaches a sufficient temperature for catalyst activation.

Abstract: A low-temperature catalyst is provided for reducing cold-start hydrocarbon emissions. The catalyst comprises a platinum group metal impregnated onto an oxygen storage material. The catalyst may be used alone or may be included in a hydrocarbon trap containing a hydrocarbon adsorption material therein. The catalyst/hydrocarbon trap is positioned in the exhaust system of a vehicle downstream from a close-coupled catalyst such that the exhaust temperature at the catalyst location does not exceed 850° C. during normal vehicle operation and when combined with a hydrocarbon adsorption material in a trap, the exhaust temperature does not exceed 700° C.

Abstract: A low-temperature catalyst is provided for reducing cold-start hydrocarbon emissions. The catalyst comprises a platinum group metal impregnated onto an oxygen storage material. The catalyst may be used alone or may be included in a hydrocarbon trap containing a hydrocarbon adsorption material therein. The catalyst/hydrocarbon trap is positioned in the exhaust system of a vehicle downstream from a close-coupled catalyst such that the exhaust temperature at the catalyst location does not exceed 850° C. during normal vehicle operation and when combined with a hydrocarbon adsorption material in a trap, the exhaust temperature does not exceed 700° C.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon trap is provided for reducing cold-start hydrocarbon emissions. The trap comprises a monolithic flow-through substrate having a porosity of at least 60% and including a zeolite loading of at least 4 g/in3 in or on its walls. A separate coating of a three-way catalyst is provided over the zeolite coating. The trap may further include an oxygen storage material. The hydrocarbon trap may be positioned in the exhaust gas system of a vehicle such that unburnt hydrocarbons are adsorbed on the trap and stored until the monolith reaches a sufficient temperature for catalyst activation.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon and NOx trap and related apparatus and methods for reducing cold-start NOx emissions from an engine are provided. In one embodiment a trap includes a first, topmost layer, exposed to an exhaust gas flow path of exhaust gases from an engine, the first layer comprising a zeolite, a second layer, substantially covered by the topmost layer, the second layer comprising a NOx adsorbing material and a monolithic substrate, directly supporting the second layer and indirectly supporting the first layer, the substrate providing a substantially rigid structure of the trap. In this way, engine emissions, such as NOx and hydrocarbons may be adsorbed over the exhaust trap at low temperature and then thermally released, limiting cold start emissions beyond engines that only include a lean NOx trap.