Abstract: A process for cleaning and beneficiating biomass is described which may allow removal of entrained salts and light volatiles from biomass materials. The process may also minimize energy use through capturing steam and flue gases for re-use. The process may generally comprise the following steps: prewashing and/or preheating a biomass, pressurizing the biomass in a steam explosion vessel, rapidly depressurizing the steam explosion vessel, releasing the steam from the steam explosion vessel entrained with fine lignin-enriched particles into a cyclone-type gas expansion vessel, routing the steam from the gas expansion vessel to the input hopper, subjecting the biomass to a second washing step, mechanically removing a portion of the water from the biomass, and evaporatively heating the biomass.

Abstract: A process for cleaning and beneficiating biomass is described which may allow removal of entrained salts and light volatiles from biomass materials. The process may also minimize energy use through capturing steam and flue gases for re-use. The process may generally comprise the following steps: prewashing and/or preheating a biomass, pressurizing the biomass in a steam explosion vessel, rapidly depressurizing the steam explosion vessel, releasing the steam from the steam explosion vessel entrained with fine lignin-enriched particles into a cyclone-type gas expansion vessel, routing the steam from the gas expansion vessel to the input hopper, subjecting the biomass to a second washing step, mechanically removing a portion of the water from the biomass. After the biomass has been steam-exploded, it may be washed and used as an engineered soil.

Abstract: The present invention is an animal cage adapted for providing supply air to the cage by either static or forced ventilation, comprising, a cage receptacle and ventilation distribution means integral to said cage receptacle for distributing supply air to an interior space of said cage receptacle. A ventilation air supply system that provides air to the entire cage receptacle and allows the air to leave the cage receptacle in the same manner without the need for a filter cap or bonnet. The ventilation system creates an even flow of air along the side of the cage receptacle thus providing an even air flow across the bottom of the cage, and therefore providing a better environment for the animal. The present invention also provides a an animal cage with biological barrier means integral to said cage receptacle for precipitating microparticles and/or contaminants in the supply air out of suspension due to the low velocity of the supply air during static ventilation.