Abstract: A medical process comprising administering a digital symbol substitution test (DSST) to a patient, administering a trails marking test (TMT) to the patient after the administration of the DSST, and administering a recall test, wherein the recall test includes requesting the patient to recall digits and/or symbols from the DSST.

Abstract: A medical process comprising: identifying one or more symptoms, determining at least one measurement descriptive of the one or more symptoms, creating a model of the at least one measurement, obtaining the at least one measurement descriptive of the one or more symptoms from at least one symptomless subject, using the model to transform the at least one measurement from the at least one symptomless subject into a reference data, obtaining the at least one measurement descriptive of the one or more symptoms from at least one subject with the one or more symptoms, using the model to transform the at least one measurement from the at least one subject with the one or more symptoms into a patient data, and comparing the reference data to the patient data.