Abstract: A method of generating an electrical current and a multi-cell electrochemical device. The method includes extracting oxygen from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding an electrochemical system; transporting the extracted oxygen through a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane to an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround an anode and a cathode in the electrochemical system, wherein the electrolyte is separated from the aqueous ambient environment; transporting the oxygenated electrolyte to the cathode; reducing the oxygen at the cathode; and oxidizing a metal at the anode. The device includes a metal anode; a cathode; an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte is separated from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding the electrochemical device; and a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane configured to extract oxygen from the aqueous ambient environment.

Abstract: A method of generating an electrical current and a multi-cell electrochemical device. The method includes extracting oxygen from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding an electrochemical system; transporting the extracted oxygen through a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane to an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround an anode and a cathode in the electrochemical system, wherein the electrolyte is separated from the aqueous ambient environment; transporting the oxygenated electrolyte to the cathode; reducing the oxygen at the cathode; and oxidizing a metal at the anode. The device includes a metal anode; a cathode; an enclosed electrolyte configured to surround the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte is separated from an aqueous ambient environment surrounding the electrochemical device; and a selectively oxygen-permeable membrane configured to extract oxygen from the aqueous ambient environment.

Abstract: Waste management in electrochemical systems, such as electrochemical systems in which an electrochemically active material comprising aluminum is employed, is generally described.

Abstract: A method for collecting aluminate waste. The method includes transporting a super-saturated aqueous aluminate stream through a non-electrode open cell foam such that aluminum hydroxide that is the product of an electricity-generating electrochemical reaction between aluminum and water is precipitated on the non-electrode open cell foam, wherein at least 50% wt of the precipitation occurs within the non-electrode open cell foam instead of on an electrode.

Abstract: Waste management in electrochemical systems, such as electrochemical systems in which an electrochemically active material comprising aluminum is employed, is generally described.

Abstract: Waste management in electrochemical systems, such as electrochemical systems in which an electrochemically active material comprising aluminum is employed, is generally described.

Abstract: Waste management in electrochemical systems, such as electrochemical systems in which an electrochemically active material comprising aluminum is employed, is generally described.

Abstract: Waste management in electrochemical systems, such as electrochemical systems in which an electrochemically active material comprising aluminum is employed, is generally described.

Abstract: A reverse osmosis (RO) membrane can include a porous substrate, a multilayer film arranged on the substrate, which includes a first layer including a polyelectrolyte and a second layer including a plurality of clay particles, where the first layer is arranged adjacent to the second layer. The multilayer film can be prepared by a spray-LbL process. The resulting RO membrane can provide high water permeability combined with high salt rejection.