Abstract: Systems and methods of calibrating listening devices are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method of calibrating a listening device (e.g., a headset) includes determining head related transfer functions (HRTF) corresponding to different parts of the user's anatomy. The resulting HRTFs are combined to form a composite HRTF.

Abstract: A method includes providing a target material that comprises a component that emits extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light when converted to plasma; directing a first beam of radiation toward the target material to deliver energy to the target material to modify a geometric distribution of the target material to form a modified target; directing a second beam of radiation toward the modified target, the second beam of radiation converting at least part of the modified target to plasma that emits EUV light; measuring one or more characteristics associated with one or more of the target material and the modified target relative to the first beam of radiation; and controlling an amount of radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation based on the one or more measured characteristics to within a predetermined range of energies.

Abstract: A method includes providing a target material that comprises a component that emits extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light when converted to plasma; directing a first beam of radiation toward the target material to deliver energy to the target material to modify a geometric distribution of the target material to form a modified target; directing a second beam of radiation toward the modified target, the second beam of radiation converting at least part of the modified target to plasma that emits EUV light; measuring one or more characteristics associated with one or more of the target material and the modified target relative to the first beam of radiation; and controlling an amount of radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation based on the one or more measured characteristics to within a predetermined range of energies.

Abstract: Systems and methods of calibrating listening devices are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method of calibrating a listening device (e.g., a headset) includes determining head related transfer functions (HRTF) corresponding to different parts of the user's anatomy. The resulting HRTFs are combined to form a composite HRTF.

Abstract: Systems and methods to calibrate listening devices are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a method to calibrate earphones includes determining a Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) corresponding to different parts of a user's anatomy (e.g., one or both of a listener's pinnae). The resulting HRTFs are combined to form a composite HRTF. In some embodiments, a first and a second HRTF are respectively determined for a first and second part of the user's anatomy. A composite HRTF of the user is generated by combining portions of the first and second HRTFs.

Abstract: Systems and methods of calibrating listening devices are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method of calibrating a listening device (e.g., a headset) includes determining head related transfer functions (HRTF) corresponding to different parts of the user's anatomy. The resulting HRTFs are combined to form a composite HRTF.

Abstract: In a laser produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) system, a plasma created from droplets irradiated by a laser pulse can become destabilized. The instability of the plasma can reduce the amount of EUV energy generated over time. While other systems seek to stabilize the plasma by varying a pulse width of the laser pulses, the systems and methods described herein stabilize the plasma by varying an intensity of the laser pulses. The intensity of the laser pulses is varied based on a comparison of the amount of EUV energy generated from current pulse to an expected amount of EUV energy. The intensity of the laser pulses can be varied on a pulse-by-pulse basis by an EUV controller that instructs a pulse actuator.

Abstract: A method includes providing a target material that comprises a component that emits extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light when converted to plasma; directing a first beam of radiation toward the target material to deliver energy to the target material to modify a geometric distribution of the target material to form a modified target; directing a second beam of radiation toward the modified target, the second beam of radiation converting at least part of the modified target to plasma that emits EUV light; measuring one or more characteristics associated with one or more of the target material and the modified target relative to the first beam of radiation; and controlling an amount of radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation based on the one or more measured characteristics to within a predetermined range of energies.

Abstract: Systems and methods to calibrate listening devices are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a method to calibrate earphones includes determining a Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) corresponding to different parts of a user's anatomy (e.g., one or both of a listener's pinnae). The resulting HRTFs are combined to form a composite HRTF. In some embodiments, a first and a second HRTF are respectively determined for a first and second part of the user's anatomy. A composite HRTF of the user is generated by combining portions of the first and second HRTFs.

Abstract: In a laser produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) system, a droplet is irradiated by a laser pulse to produce a plasma in a chamber. This generates forces that cause the plasma to destabilize and subsequent droplets to have their flight trajectory and speed altered as they approach the plasma. This destabilization is detectable from oscillations in the amount of EUV energy generated. To reduce the oscillations by stabilizing the plasma and travel of the droplets, a proportional-integral (PI) controller algorithm is used to modify an energy of subsequent laser pulses based on the EUV energy generated in the chamber. By modifying the energy of subsequent laser pulses, the plasma stabilizes, which reduces effects on droplet flight and stabilizes the amount of EUV energy generated, allowing the plasma chamber to operate for longer intervals and to lower the amount of reserve power maintained by a laser source.

Abstract: Systems and methods to calibrate listening devices are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a method to calibrate earphones includes determining a Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTF) corresponding to different parts of a user's anatomy (e.g., one or both of a listener's pinnae). The resulting HRTFs are combined to form a composite HRTF. In some embodiments, a first and a second HRTF are respectively determined for a first and second part of the user's anatomy. A composite HRTF of the user is generated by combining portions of the first and second HRTFs.

Abstract: A method includes providing a target material that comprises a component that emits extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light when converted to plasma; directing a first beam of radiation toward the target material to deliver energy to the target material to modify a geometric distribution of the target material to form a modified target; directing a second beam of radiation toward the modified target, the second beam of radiation converting at least part of the modified target to plasma that emits EUV light; measuring one or more characteristics associated with one or more of the target material and the modified target relative to the first beam of radiation; and controlling an amount of radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation based on the one or more measured characteristics to within a predetermined range of energies.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for control of a dose of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation generated by a laser produced plasma (LPP) EUV light source that combines pulse control mode and pulse modulation. The EUV energy created by each pulse is measured and total EUV energy created by the fired pulses determined, a desired energy for the next pulse is determined based upon whether the total EUV energy is greater or less than a desired average EUV energy times the number of pulses. If the desired pulse energy for the next droplet is within the range of one or more pulse modulation actuators, the pulse is modulated; otherwise, the pulse is fired to miss the droplet. This provides greater control of the accumulated dose as well as uniformity of the EUV energy over time, greater ability to compensate for pulses that generate EUV energy that is higher or lower than nominal expected values, and ability to provide an average EUV energy per pulse that is less than the nominal minimum EUV energy per pulse of the system.

Abstract: A method includes providing a target material that includes a component that emits extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light when converted to plasma; directing a first beam of radiation toward the target material to deliver energy to the target material to modify a geometric distribution of the target material to form a modified target; directing a second beam of radiation toward the modified target, the second beam of radiation converting at least part of the modified target to plasma that emits EUV light; controlling a radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation to within a predetermined range of radiant exposures; and stabilizing a power of the EUV light emitted from the plasma by controlling the radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation to within the predetermined range of radiant exposures.

Abstract: In a laser produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) system, a droplet is irradiated by a laser pulse to produce a plasma in a chamber. This generates forces that cause the plasma to destabilize and subsequent droplets to have their flight trajectory and speed altered as they approach the plasma. This destabilization is detectable from oscillations in the amount of EUV energy generated. To reduce the oscillations by stabilizing the plasma and travel of the droplets, a proportional-integral (PI) controller algorithm is used to modify an energy of subsequent laser pulses based on the EUV energy generated in the chamber. By modifying the energy of subsequent laser pulses, the plasma stabilizes, which reduces effects on droplet flight and stabilizes the amount of EUV energy generated, allowing the plasma chamber to operate for longer intervals and to lower the amount of reserve power maintained by a laser source.

Abstract: A method includes providing a target material that includes a component that emits extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light when converted to plasma; directing a first beam of radiation toward the target material to deliver energy to the target material to modify a geometric distribution of the target material to form a modified target; directing a second beam of radiation toward the modified target, the second beam of radiation converting at least part of the modified target to plasma that emits EUV light; controlling a radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation to within a predetermined range of radiant exposures; and stabilizing a power of the EUV light emitted from the plasma by controlling the radiant exposure delivered to the target material from the first beam of radiation to within the predetermined range of radiant exposures.

Abstract: In a laser produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) system, a plasma created from droplets irradiated by a laser pulse can become destabilized. The instability of the plasma can reduce the amount of EUV energy generated over time. While other systems seek to stabilize the plasma by varying a pulse width of the laser pulses, the systems and methods described herein stabilize the plasma by varying an intensity of the laser pulses. The intensity of the laser pulses is varied based on a comparison of the amount of EUV energy generated from current pulse to an expected amount of EUV energy. The intensity of the laser pulses can be varied on a pulse-by-pulse basis by an EUV controller that instructs a pulse actuator.