Abstract: A computer-implemented method for determining criticality values of a technical system. The method includes: specifying a reliability of the technical system that is to be satisfied; providing a fuzzy fault tree for the technical system, the fuzzy fault tree comprising a fuzzy top event and multiple fuzzy basic events and logical programmable fuzzy AND/OR operators; transforming the fuzzy fault tree into a flexible neural network comprising a tree structure; determining an optimized flexible neural network by carrying out a learning method for optimizing the flexible neural network, the optimized flexible neural network achieving the reliability of the technical system that is to be satisfied; deriving criticality values of the fuzzy basic events from the optimized flexible neural network.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for testing a technical system, in particular software, hardware, or an embedded system, in real time. The technical system encompasses a plurality of in particular technical components. The technical system is represented by a fuzzy fault tree topology Aki. Starting from a fuzzy top event Xk for determining priorities of base events, the following steps are carried out: providing a fuzzy membership function matrix Wi? of the base events, where ?=1, and carrying out an iterative process, each iteration ?, where ?=1, 2, 3, . . . , n, encompassing the following steps: determining an auxiliary matrix Cki, taking into account the fuzzy top event Xk, the fuzzy fault tree topology Aid, and the fuzzy membership function matrix Wi?, using an iterative algorithm, and determining (the fuzzy membership function matrix Wi?+1 based on the auxiliary matrix Cki, using a maximum likelihood method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a starting device (22) for internal combustion engines (10). The starting device (22) comprises an electric drive (28) for a drive pinion (24). A gearwheel (16) is mounted on the crankshaft (12) of the internal combustion engine (10). An engaged state of the drive pinion (24) on a drive shaft (26) of the electric drive (28) is effected either by a spacer piece (40) or the starting device (22) is arranged with a reduced spacing (54) in relation to the gearwheel (16).