Abstract: A method of manufacturing devices in which a liquid crystal has molecules orientated in accordance with directions belonging to one and the same plane, is provided. To this end, an organic polymer deposit is formed upon the internal faces of two electrode-carrying plates, by directing on to them at a very low angle of incidence, a monomer vapor flow, for example a monomer such as vinyl-trichlorosilane. The long-chain molecules of the in situ formed polymer, are disposed parallel to the direction of the vapor flow. They orientate, by their influence, the molecules of the liquid crystal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the protection of relief impressions formed in order to store information on a data carrier which can be optically read out by transmission. The invention relates to a data carrier the relief impression in which is protected by at least one layer transparent vis-a-vis the read-out radiation. The protective layer has an index of refraction that differs from that of the data carrier, per se. Thus, a refractive boundary at the relief impression is maintained and the information encoded in the diffractive relief pattern is preserved.

Abstract: This measuring arrangement minimizes the influence of disuniformities in the first dynode, struck by the beam's ions, of the electron multiplier used in the arrangement. The beam F whose current is to be measured is expanded, for example using a divergent lens, between the analyzer slot and said dynode. In a variant embodiment, the beam is imparted a rapid oscillatory motion which causes it to scan the dynode.

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal device for electro-optical display devices, is provided. Its long-shaped molecules are orientated perpendicularly to the electrode plates delimiting the crystalline liquid, i.e. homeotropically aligned. A polymer layer with long-chain molecules has been previously formed on the internal faces of each plate separately arranged on a discharge electrode of an electrical apparatus operating at high frequency (13.56 mc/s) and containing a vapour at very low pressure of a monomer such as hexamethyldisiloxane. The molecules of polymer thus formed are perpendicular to the plates and a similar orientation of the liquid crystal molecules result from that, i.e. a homeotropic alignment.

Abstract: A mixture of liquid crystals comprising a substance which imparts a medium positive dielectric anisotropy, and substances which widen the mesomorphic temperature range or impart good long-term stability, is provided. The mixture in accordance with the invention comprises at least one substance of the formula: ##SPC1##Or its isomer of the formula: ##SPC2##Where R is an alkyl or alkoxy radical and at least one substance of the formula: ##SPC3##Where the radical R is of the same kind as mentioned earlier or substance of the formula: ##SPC4##Or its isomer of the formula: ##SPC5##Where R is an alkoxy radical.

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal of high stability, which can be utilized at normal temperatures, is obtained from compounds of the formula ##SPC1##Wherein R is an alkyl group having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, which present at least one nematic phase in the supper cooled liquid state. As a second embodiment, mixtures of the above compound with other nematic compounds formed nematic structures over wide temperature ranges.