Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining an output temperature of a fluid after flowing through a PTC heater with a PTC heating element. In the method a current of the PTC heating element, a supply voltage of the PTC heating element and a duty cycle of the supply voltage are determined, and the output temperature of the fluid is calculated based on the current (I), the supply voltage and the duty cycle (PWM). The invention also relates to a PTC heater for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A stator cooling assembly for a linear motor includes a stator and a modular cooling arrangement. The modular cooling arrangement comprises: a U-shaped fluid cooling pipe having first and second linear segments extending along first and second opposite longitudinal sides of the stator; an inlet and outlet port connected to a free end of the first and second linear segments, respectively, for circulating a cooling fluid; a central cooling arrangement comprising primary cooling units mounted into recesses of the stator; and connecting members connecting the central cooling arrangement to the fluid cooling pipe. Each primary cooling unit comprises a heat pipe having first and second portions extending along a recess of the stator and along a portion of the fluid cooling pipe, respectively. The connecting members connect the second portion of the heat pipe of each primary cooling unit to corresponding portions of the fluid cooling pipe.

Abstract: A liquid-cooled core assembly for a linear motor includes an iron-core having a middle part, teeth extending from two opposite sides of the middle part and forming slots therebetween, coils wound around the teeth, axial cooling-fluid passageways extending across the middle part, and cooling conduits mounted inside the passageways. The core assembly further includes a cooling arrangement having a liquid supply part and a liquid collection part mounted against respective two other opposite sides of the iron-core. The liquid supply and collection parts are in fluid communications with the cooling conduits. An inlet connector is in fluid communication with the liquid supply part, and an outlet connector is in fluid communication with the liquid collection part.

Abstract: A liquid-cooled core assembly for a linear motor includes an iron-core having a middle part, teeth extending from two opposite sides of the middle part and forming slots therebetween, coils wound around the teeth, axial cooling-fluid passageways extending across the middle part, and cooling conduits mounted inside the passageways. The core assembly further includes a cooling arrangement having a liquid supply part and a liquid collection part mounted against respective two other opposite sides of the iron-core. The liquid supply and collection parts are in fluid communications with the cooling conduits. An inlet connector is in fluid communication with the liquid supply part, and an outlet connector is in fluid communication with the liquid collection part.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining steels having improved machinability. This process provides for the upgrading of divided metallurgical products, which are consolidated without fusion, with incorporation of a dispersed phase.This process is used in particular for scrap consisting of sheet metal or turnings, which is mixed in the desired proportion with an additive such as for example sulfur or lead. After it has been compressed the mixture is extruded in a press in the form of bars and the like.This process is particularly suitable for producing stainless steels containing sulfur or lead. The lead stainless steels thus prepared have an excellent corrosion resistance, in addition to their machinability characteristics.