Abstract: The disclosure is directed at providing molecular tools and methods for transgenes integration in the genome of host cells, in particular tools and method enabling a transposition-dependent expression of the transgene, thereby facilitating identification and selection of effectively transformed hosts.

Abstract: A method of determining the solid/liquid phase of an aqueous solution, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) subjecting said aqueous solution to a beam of photons; b) recording the Raman spectrum of the photons scattered by said solution in the wave number range between 2500 cm?1 to 4000 cm?1; and c) processing said recording in order to deduce therefrom the solid/liquid phase of said aqueous solution.

Abstract: A method of determining the concentration of a salt that may be present in a substance containing at least some water, comprising the following steps: a) recording the Raman spectrum of photons scattered by the substance in the wave number range 2500 cm?1 to 4000 cm?1; b) determining, for a given temperature of the substance, two points of said spectrum corresponding to two specific wave numbers; c) calculating the ratio of two magnitudes representative of said points to obtain a measurement ratio; and d) comparing said measurement ratio to a reference chart representative of the concentration of the salt for various temperatures as a function of the concentration of said salt. The method advantageously requires no taking of samples and may be contactless.

Abstract: The pressure regulator comprises a valve with a slide member (5) whose displacements are controlled by the pressure prevailing in the control chamber (7). This pressure is adjusted by an obturator (11) of tubular shape which, in its upper position, places the chamber (7) in communication with the opening (4) of the fluid outlet. The fluid is admitted into the valve by an opening (2) and the displacements of slide member (5) permit adjusting the pressure in the opening (3) which supplies a user. The control chamber (7) is fed from the opening (3) through a conduit (20) with fluid whose pressure is already adjusted.

Abstract: The electromagnetic valve comprises a movable core (8) adapted to be drawn toward a fixed core (7) under the influence of a magnetic field of an excitation winding (5). The lower portion of the core (8) has a skirt (11) surrounding a cylindrical member (9) which is shaped such that the fluid moving from passage (2) to passage (3) will be directed radially relative to the skirt (11), so as to avoid the exertion of a force on the core (8) in its direction of movement.

Abstract: An electromagnetic valve uses a solenoid coil to produce a magnetic attraction of a cylindrical shell core against the action of a spring. A valve seat is constituted by a plate of a hard material arranged to cooperate with a circular ridge on an end of the core to obtain an hermetic seal therebetween. The plate is maintained against a bearing surface within a valve housing by a telescoping element located within the shell core and providing a sliding support surface for the shell core.

Abstract: A solenoid valve includes a valve body (3), a ferromagnetic fluid flow damper (4) cooperating with a seat (6), to form a fluid sealing surface, an electromagnetic field coil (11) for selectively displacing the damper (4) against the action of a spring (7) by a magnetic field produced by an energization of the coil, an intake conduit (19) and an outlet conduit (20). The valve body (3) is housed in a cylindrical chamber (2) of a hydraulic unit (1) with an internal fluid intake pipe (14) and an internal fluid outlet pipe (22), communicating with their respective fluid intake (19) and outlet (20) conduits in the valve body (3). A flexible joint (16) connects the wall of the cylindrical chamber (2) with the rim of the intake conduit (19) and a compression spring (23) is located between the lower side (24) of the body (3) and the hydraulic unit (1) to provide an elastic suspension for the body (3).

Abstract: A solenoid valve includes a body (2,25) with an internal intake pipe (26) and an internal outlet pipe (27), a coil (4) and a movable stem (3), urged by a spring (10) toward a valve closed position. The stem (3) defines, with a seat (30), an annular sealing surface (22), surrounded by a groove (17) and by an annular flange (18). The flange defines with an annular counterpart (25) placed opposite, an annular damping surface (23). The groove (17) communicates with the outlet pipe (27) through a longitudinal slot (12) provided in the stem (3). The annular flange (18) is in a position near or in contact with the counterpart (25) when the valve is closed. During a closing of the valve, the liquid between the annular flange (18) and the counterpart (25) escapes radially through the groove (17) from the annular damping surface. This produces a braking effect on the stem (3), to reduce wear on the annular sealing surface (22).

Abstract: The valve consists of a closing device (7) pushed by a spring (8) to press the sealing face (9) against its seat (13). The closing device (7) can only be moved by action on the handle (18) provided the magnetic core (32) is attracted to the left, to enable the rod (35) to move the part (26) against the opposing action of a spring-loaded (39) bush (38). When the handle (18) is then operated, the rod (20) moves the part (26) downwards, which in turn presses down the rod (30) and allows the spring (8) to move the closing device (7) downwards. The part (26) is then locked by the engagement of its lip (42) beneath the end of a pin (40). If the excitation current is interrupted, the core (32) and the part (26) return to their original position, which releases the moving part (26) and the rod (30).The spring (31) then returns the closing device (7) to the position illustrated.