Abstract: A process for liquefying a cellulosic material to produce a liquefied product comprising contacting the cellulosic material with a hydrogenation catalyst a liquid medium; and a source of hydrogen. The hydrogenation catalyst comprises a hydrogenating metal or precursor thereof and a megaporous structure, wherein the megaporous structure comprises a porosity of at least 60% by volume and at least 30 volume % of the pore volume of the megaporous structure is present in megapores having a diameter of equal to or more than 1 micrometer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing methacrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into propanoic acid, wherein said C3-oxygenate is a compound selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, monopropylene glycol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, glycerol and dihydroxyacetone; and reacting the propanoic acid with formaldehyde or a precursor of formaldehyde into methacrylic acid. Said C3-oxygenate preferably contains 2 oxygen atoms, and most preferably it is monopropylene glycol.

Abstract: A process for liquefying a cellulosic material to produce a liquefied product from cellulosic material is provided. Products obtained from such process and use of such products to prepare biofuels is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing acrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into acrolein, wherein said C3-oxygenate is selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, 3-hydroxypropanal, dihydroxyacetone and 2,3-dihydroxypropanal; and converting the acrolein into acrylic acid. Said C3-oxygenate preferably contains 2 oxygen atoms, and most preferably it is monopropylene glycol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing acrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into propanoic acid, wherein said C3-oxygenate is a compound selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, monopropylene glycol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, glycerol and dihydroxyacetone; and converting the propanoic acid into acrylic acid. Said C3-oxygenate preferably contains 2 oxygen atoms, and most preferably it is monopropylene glycol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing acrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into a C3-hydroxyacid, wherein said C3-oxygenate is selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, propanal, acetone, monopropylene glycol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, dihydroxyacetone and 2,3-dihydroxypropanal; and converting the C3-hydroxyacid into acrylic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing acrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into a C3-hydroxyacid, wherein said C3-oxygenate is selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, propanal, acetone, monopropylene glycol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, dihydroxyacetone and 2,3-dihydroxypropanal; and converting the C3-hydroxyacid into acrylic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing methacrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into propanoic acid, wherein said C3-oxygenate is a compound selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, monopropylene glycol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, glycerol and dihydroxyacetone; and reacting the propanoic acid with formaldehyde or a precursor of formaldehyde into methacrylic acid. Said C3-oxygenate preferably contains 2 oxygen atoms, and most preferably it is monopropylene glycol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing acrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into propanoic acid, wherein said C3-oxygenate is a compound selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, monopropylene glycol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, glycerol and dihydroxyacetone; and converting the propanoic acid into acrylic acid. Said C3-oxygenate preferably contains 2 oxygen atoms, and most preferably it is monopropylene glycol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing acrylic acid, comprising: converting a C3-oxygenate into acrolein, wherein said C3-oxygenate is selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, monohydroxyacetone, 2-hydroxypropanal, 3-hydroxypropanal, dihydroxyacetone and 2,3-dihydroxypropanal; and converting the acrolein into acrylic acid. Said C3-oxygenate preferably contains 2 oxygen atoms, and most preferably it is monopropylene glycol.

Abstract: A process for preparing an ester of formula (I): R3CH2—(CR1R2)n—CH2—O—CO—(CR1R2)n—CH2R3??(I) wherein n is 1-3 and R1 and R2 are each, independently, a hydrogen atom or a carbon-linked organic group and R3 is a carbon-linked organic group, is provided by hydrogenation of a certain lactone, carboxylic acid or its ester reactant.

Abstract: An unleaded gasoline composition comprising: (i) a gasoline base fuel; and (ii) component A, wherein component A is an alkyl alkenoate compound, or a mixture of alkyl alkenoate compounds, selected from compounds of formula I: wherein R1 is a linear alkenyl group containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by a methyl group, and R2 is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The gasoline composition of the present invention exhibits good lubricity. The gasoline composition of the invention in another aspect provides increased sensitivity.

Abstract: A process for liquefying a cellulosic material to produce a liquefied product comprising contacting the cellulosic material with a hydrogenation catalyst a liquid medium; and a source of hydrogen. The hydrogenation catalyst comprises a hydrogenating metal or precursor thereof and a megaporous structure, wherein the megaporous structure comprises a porosity of at least 60% by volume and at least 30 volume % of the pore volume of the megaporous structure is present in megapores having a diameter of equal to or more than 1 micrometer.

Abstract: A process for preparing a hydroxyacid or hydroxyester from a reactant selected from (a) a carboxylic acid having an aldehyde or keto group; and (b) an ester of a carboxylic acid having an aldehyde or keto group; by contacting the reactant with a metal catalyst in the presence of hydrogen, wherein the metal catalyst is supported on a titanium dioxide or zirconium dioxide support.

Abstract: Methods to convert a cellulosic material into a bio-oil. In one embodiment, the method comprises (a) contacting the cellulosic material with a liquid solvent in an inert atmosphere at a reaction temperature in the range from equal to or more than about 260° C. to equal to or less than about 400° C. to produce a product mixture; (b) separating a middle fraction from the product mixture to produce a product mixture middle fraction. A first portion of the product mixture middle fraction can be recycled as part of the liquid solvent in step a). At least part of the product mixture is hydrotreated before at least a portion of a middle fraction of the treated product mixture is recycled as part of the liquid solvent in step a).

Abstract: Gasoline compositions are provided comprising component A, an alkyl alkenoate compound, or a mixture of alkyl alkenoate compounds, selected from compounds of formula I: wherein R1 is a linear alkenyl group containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by a methyl group, and R2 is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, with the proviso that component A has a boiling point or boiling point range within the temperature range of from 90 to 200° C., and at least one additional selected component.

Abstract: A gasoline composition containing in the range of from 0.1 to 30 wt % alkylfurfuryl ether with an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is provided. The gasoline composition is prepared by blending the alkylfurfuryl ether in a gasoline base fuel. The alkylfurfuryl ether is prepared by reacting an alkyl alcohol having in the range of 1 to 4 carbon atoms is reacted with furfuryl alcohol by contacting a liquid phase comprising the alkyl alcohol and furfuryl alcohol with an acidic zeolite catalyst at a temperature in the range of from 50 to 200° C.

Abstract: A process for preparing an ester of formula (I): R3CH2—(CR1R2)n—CH2—O—CO—(CR1R2)n—CH2R3 ??(I) wherein n is 1-3 and R1 and R2 are each, independently, a hydrogen atom or a carbon-linked organic group and R3 is a carbon-linked organic group, is provided by hydrogenation of a certain lactone, carboxylic acid or its ester reactant.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing furfural from solid biomass by gaseous acid catalysed hydrolysis and dehydration in the presence of superheated steam and one or more acid catalysts. The solid biomass is heated to a temperature which is sufficiently high to ensure that the superheated steam and the acid catalyst or catalysts to be used remain in gaseous form during the reaction. The heated solid biomass is contacted with a gaseous stream containing superheated steam and one or more acid catalysts to produce a furfural-containing gaseous stream containing superheated steam, one or more acid catalysts and furfural. The furfural-containing gaseous stream is recirculated to bring it into further contact with the heated solid biomass to enrich the concentration of furfural.

Abstract: A process for liquefying a cellulosic material is provided comprising hydrolysing the cellulosic material in the presence of an acid catalyst in a solvent mixture to produce a liquefied product, wherein the solvent mixture contains water and in the range of 5 to 95 wt % of a co-solvent and wherein the co-solvent is present in an amount of less than or equal to 90% by weight based on the weight of water and co-solvent, which co-solvent comprises one or more polar solvents, and wherein the solvent mixture is at least partly recycled.