Abstract: A plant for chemical or physical treatment of granular solids includes a fluidized-bed reactor, a solids supply conduit and a central gas supply tube. A cooling tube is disposed relative to the gas supply tube so as to form an annular cooling duct, which is configured to cool the gas supply tube and the process gas and is connected with a coolant source configured to supply a coolant with a temperature of below about 400° C. Outlet openings are disposed in the cooling tube. The fluidized-bed reactor is a Venturi reactor in which the cooling tube opens into a flared portion with the outlet openings connecting the annular cooling duct with the reactor interior. The cooling tube adjoins the gas supply tube and extends substantially parallel to the flared portion of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for producing hot metal includes partially reducing granular raw materials containing iron oxide with a carbonaceous reducing agent in a fluidized bed reactor at a temperature of at least 850° C. so as to obtain a reduced mixture. The reduced mixture is cooled to between 600° C. and 800° C. in a heat exchanger apparatus using a preheated process gas as a cooling medium that is preheated to between 300° C. and 500° C. before being introduced into the heat exchanger apparatus. The reduced mixture is then supplied to a smelting reduction unit via a discharge system.

Abstract: A process for at least one of a chemical and a physical treatment of fluidizable substances in a reactor includes introducing a hot gas into an interior of the reactor through a gas supply tube and cooling at least one of the hot gas and the gas supply tube with a coolant. The cooling is performed by contacting the hot gas with the coolant so as to provide a temperature of a wall of the gas supply tube at least 50° C. lower than a temperature of the gas at an inlet of the gas supply tube facing away from the interior of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for at least one of a chemical and a physical treatment of fluidizable substances in a reactor. The process includes introducing a hot gas into an interior of the reactor through a gas supply tube and cooling at least one of the hot gas and the gas supply tube with a coolant. The cooling is performed by contacting the hot gas with the coolant so as to provide a temperature of a wall of the gas supply tube at least 50° C. lower than a temperature of the gas at an inlet of the gas supply tube facing away from the interior of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the production and/or treatment of at least one metal in a reactor includes discharging a waste gas stream via a waste gas conduit and after-treating the waste gas stream by supplying a cooling gas and/or a cooling gas mixture. The after-treating includes injecting the cooling gas and/or cooling gas mixture into the waste gas conduit on a side of the waste gas conduit facing the reactor, at a high velocity and substantially tangentially with respect to a main flow direction of the waste gas. A volume of the cooling gas and/or the cooling gas mixture injected into the waste gas conduit is adjusted so as to reduce a mixing temperature below a melting temperature of the molten particles and/or a condensation temperature of the vaporous constituents of the waste gas stream.

Abstract: A process for producing hot metal includes partially reducing granular raw materials containing iron oxide with a carbonaceous reducing agent in a fluidized bed reactor at a temperature of at least 850° C. so as to obtain a reduced mixture. The reduced mixture is cooled to between 600° C. and 800° C. in a heat exchanger apparatus using a preheated process gas as a cooling medium that is preheated to between 300° C. and 500° C. before being introduced into the heat exchanger apparatus. The reduced mixture is then supplied to a smelting reduction unit via a discharge system.

Abstract: A process for at least one of a chemical and a physical treatment of fluidizable substances in a reactor. The process includes introducing a hot gas into an interior of the reactor through a gas supply tube and cooling at least one of the hot gas and the gas supply tube with a coolant. The cooling is performed by contacting the hot gas with the coolant so as to provide a temperature of a wall of the gas supply tube at least 50° C. lower than a temperature of the gas at an inlet of the gas supply tube facing away from the interior of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the production and/or treatment of at least one metal in a reactor includes discharging a waste gas stream via a waste gas conduit and after-treating the waste gas stream by supplying a cooling gas and/or a cooling gas mixture. The after-treating includes injecting the cooling gas and/or cooling gas mixture into the waste gas conduit on a side of the waste gas conduit facing the reactor, at a high velocity and substantially tangentially with respect to a main flow direction of the waste gas. A volume of the cooling gas and/or the cooling gas mixture injected into the waste gas conduit is adjusted so as to reduce a mixing temperature below a melting temperature of the molten particles and/or a condensation temperature of the vaporous constituents of the waste gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for electrochemically winning or refining copper by electrodepositing copper from an electrolyte solution containing the metal in ionogenic form, in which the electrolyte is passed through an electrolysis plant comprising at least one electrolytic cell, which in an electrolyte tank for receiving the electrolyte has at least two electrodes serving as anode and cathode, which are alternately arranged at a distance from each other, and to a corresponding plant. To increase the economic efficiency of such processes and plants, it is proposed in accordance with the invention to immerse the at least one cathode during operation of the electrolysis into the electrolyte over a length of at least 1.2 meters.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell is disclosed which comprises: (a) an electrolyte; and (b) a plurality of bipolar electrodes surrounded by the electrolyte and electrically connected in series during operation of the cell, the bipolar electrodes each comprising a cathode side, an anode side, and an electrically conductive connection between the cathode side and the anode side, wherein the cathode side and the anode side of at least one of the bipolar electrodes are movable and mechanically separable with respect to each other so that one of the two electrode sides can be removed from the cell, while the other electrode side remains in the cell.