Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of chlorides of chlorinated carboxylic acids of formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.2 denotes the radical (CH.sub.2).sub.n, n being an integer from 2 to 4, or the radical --CH.sub.2 --C(C.sub.6 H.sub.5).sub.2 -- and R.sup.1 denotes a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, which consists in reacting the lactones of formula ##STR2## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the above meanings, with phosgene at a temperature of 90.degree. to 180.degree. C., while employing as catalysts trisubstituted phosphine oxides or sulphides.The process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain chlorides of chlorinated carboxylic acids of high purity which exhibit an excellent stability to light and to heat and which are very useful as synthesis intermediates.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates with the formula ##STR1## where R is H, an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical or heterocyclic radical, substituted or non-substituted and n an integer.The process consists of reacting ClCOOCCl.sub.3 or Cl.sub.3 COCOOCCl.sub.3 with an aldehyde with formula R--(CHO).sub.n in the presence of a compound, which in the medium releases a pair of ions, the anion of which being a halide which can attack the aldehyde function, because of the weak attractive power of the cation of this compound.

Abstract: Process for the synthesis of .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates, and new .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates.The invention relates to a new process for the manufacture of .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates and, to new .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates as new industrial products.The process according to the invention consists of a synthesis, by catalytic phosgenation, of .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates of the formula: ##STR1## in which: R represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon radical and m represents an integer superior or equal to one, this synthesis consisting in reacting phosgene with the aldehyde R--CHO).sub.m, in the presence of a catalyst which is an organic or inorganic substance which is capable in a medium containing an aldehyde of the formula R--CHO).sub.

Abstract: Process for the synthesis of .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates, and new .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates.The invention relates to a new process for the manufacture of .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates and, to new .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates as new industrial products.The process according to the invention consists of a synthesis, by catalytic phosgenation, of .alpha.-chlorinated chloroformates of the formula: ##STR1## in which: R represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon radical and m represents an integer superior or equal to one, this synthesis consisting in reacting phosgene with the aldehyde R--CHO).sub.m, in the presence of a catalyst which is an organic or inorganic substance which is capable in a medium containing an aldehyde of the formula R--CHO).sub.

Abstract: The invention relates to new industrial products of the general formula ##STR1## a process for the manufacture of these products and their application as extraction agents in hydrometallurgy.

Abstract: The invention relates to new industrial products of the general formula ##STR1## a process for the manufacture of these products and their application in hydrometallurgy.According to the invention, R is in particular an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, carboxylate, polyoxyethylene, polyester or polycarbonate group. The process consists in reacting an alcohol or a polyol, ROH, with 2,3-dioxycarbonylpropyl chloroformate, at between -10.degree. and +20.degree. C., in the presence of an acid acceptor.Application: the compounds according to the invention are extraction agents for hydrometallurgy, which can be used in dilute solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of carboxylic acid chlorides by the phosgenation, under the action of heat, of the corresponding acids in the presence of a catalyst.The process according to the invention is characterized in that a compound possessing the skeleton ##STR1## is used as the catalyst, in which compound X is an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom substituted by an alkyl group.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of halogeno-mercuri-aldehydes and -ketones.According to the invention, an alkenyl ester is reacted with a mercuric halide in the presence of water and, preferably, of an acid acceptor. The reaction, which is preferably carried out at between 15.degree. and 35.degree. C., makes it possible to obtain very pure products with excellent yields, especially when mercuric oxide is used as the acid acceptor.

Abstract: Novel allyl-acrylic monomers of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a C.sub.1-4 alkylene group and R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl, are described. The preferred monomer is that in which R is ethylene and R.sub.1 is methyl. When subjected to conventional free radical polymerization, in one stage or two stages, these monomers give transparent polymers having good mechanical properties, particularly hardness.

Abstract: Novel poly-(carbonate-urethane)-triols which are liquid at room temperature, have a molecular weight of less than 5000, and are of the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is an alkylene or cycloalkylene group, R is an alkylene group having up to 4 carbon atoms, Z is an alkyl group having up to 4 carbon atoms, n is a number representing the degree of polymerization, and m is 0 or 1.These poly-(carbonate-urethane)-triols are prepared by a transesterification reaction between an alkyl or aryl carbonate, at least one aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diol, and a primary or secondary dialkanolamine, the dialkanolamine being present in such an amount that there is statistically one molecule of the dialkanolamine per polymer chain.The poly-(carbonate-urethane)-triols are useful for the production of aminoplast resins which can be used, for example, as stoving lacquers.

Abstract: Aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polycarbonate-triols having a molecular weight of not more than 3,000, which contain hydrophobic segments and are liquid at room temperature are obtained by transesterifying an aryl carbonate with a primary aliphatic triol and a mixture of two diols, HOAOH and HOBOH, at least one of the radicals A or B being a hydrophobic radical, the proportion of the primary aliphatic triol is such that there is statistically one molecule of the said triol per polymer chain in the product, and the ratio of the diols being such that the polycarbonate-triol obtained is equivalent to a mixture of a% by weight of a polycarbonate derived from the triol and the diol HOAOH alone, and of b% by weight of a polycarbonate derived from the triol and the diol HOBOH alone, the percentages a and b corresponding to the following two conditions:30%.ltoreq.a%.ltoreq.70%a%+b%=100%.Modified aminoplast resins can be obtained by reacting such polycarbonate-triols with etherified melamine-formaldehyde condensates.

Abstract: Novel allyl-acrylic monomers of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a C.sub.1-4 alkylene group and R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl, are described. The preferred monomer is that in which R is ethylene and R.sub.1 is methyl.When subjected to conventional free radical polymerization, in one stage or two stages, these monomers give transparent polymers having good mechanical properties, particularly hardness.

Abstract: Novel poly-(carbonate-urethane)-triols which are liquid at room temperature, have a molecular weight of less than 5000, and are of the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is an alkylene or cycloalkylene group, R is an alkylene group having up to 4 carbon atoms, Z is an alkyl group having up to 4 carbon atoms, n is a number representing the degree of polymerization, and m is 0 or 1. These poly-(carbonate-urethane)-triols are prepared by a transesterification reaction between an alkyl or aryl carbonate, at least one aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diol, and a primary or secondary dialkanolamine, the dialkanolamine being present in such an amount that there is statistically one molecule of the dialkanolamine per polymer chain.The poly-(carbonate-urethane)-triols are useful for the production of aminoplast resins which can be used, for example, as stoving lacquers.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chloroformates having terminal acrylic or methacrylic groups, comprises reacting at least one hydroxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate with phosgene by introducing a solution of the acrylate or methacrylate into a solution of phosgene, while stirring, at a temperature of -25.degree. C to +5.degree. C, in the presence of an acid acceptor and a stoichiometric excess of phosgene.The products thus obtained are monomers suitable for the production of acrylic polymers carrying reactive groups.

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl isocyanate which comprises reacting phosgene with 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitro-ethylamine in solution at a temperature of -15.degree. - +5.degree. C to obtain 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitro-carbamyl chloride in a first step and then decomposing said carbamyl chloride in a second step at a temperature between 20.degree. and 50.degree. C while passing through the solution a stream of an inert anhydrous gas.

Abstract: The free and bonded residual phenol content of oligocarbonates prepared by transesterification between a diol and a diphenyl carbonate is substantially reduced by a process comprising (i) introducing water into the oligocarbonate in the liquid state at an elevated temperature under reduced pressure and (ii) purging the mixture with an inert gas to effect degassing. The purified oligocarbonates are particularly resistant to yellowing.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of linear aliphatic polycarbonates having terminal hydroxyl groups is carried out in two stages:I. in the first stage, the transesterification is carried out in the presence of a basic catalyst at a temperature below 140.degree. C, andIi. in the second stage, after complete destruction of the basic catalyst, the transesterification is completed in the presence of an acid catalyst at a temperature of between 200.degree. and 250.degree. C.The polycarbonate-diols obtained are useful for the preparation of polyurethane elastomers which are resistant to hydrolysis.

Abstract: Hydroxy-telechelating oligomers of number average molecular weight 250 to 2,500 and containing carbonate groups, are prepared by first polycondensing a bis-chloroformate with a diol at a temperature below 150.degree.C and at a moderately reduced pressure while flushing the reaction mixture with an inert anhydrous gas, and then the oligomers formed are dissolved in a volatile, water-immiscible organic solvent and the solution washed with an aqueous base solution.In this way, oligomers may be prepared which have a low or zero sensitivity to water, are non-acidic and relatively inexpensive.