Abstract: A process for improving the external quantum efficiency of a light emitting diode (LED) is provided by exposing one or more components of an LED, a partially assembled LED, or a completely assembled LED to an amount of hydrogen or hydrogen gas, or to an atmosphere containing higher quantities of hydrogen or hydrogen gas for a period of exposure time. Kits and processes for constructing a light emitting diode having an improved external quantum efficiency is further provided, which includes exposing one or more components of an LED, a partially assembled LED, or a completely assembled LED to an amount of hydrogen or hydrogen gas, or to an atmosphere containing higher quantities of hydrogen or hydrogen gas for a period of exposure time.

Abstract: A process for improving the external quantum efficiency of a light emitting diode (LED) is provided by exposing one or more components of an LED, a partially assembled LED, or a completely assembled LED to an amount of hydrogen or hydrogen gas, or to an atmosphere containing higher quantities of hydrogen or hydrogen gas for a period of exposure time. Kits and processes for constructing a light emitting diode having an improved external quantum efficiency is further provided, which includes exposing one or more components of an LED, a partially assembled LED, or a completely assembled LED to an amount of hydrogen or hydrogen gas, or to an atmosphere containing higher quantities of hydrogen or hydrogen gas for a period of exposure time.

Abstract: We describe an ultra-small structure and a method of producing the same. The structures produce visible light of varying frequency, from a single metallic layer. In one example, a row of metallic posts are etched or plated on a substrate according to a particular geometry. When a charged particle beam passed close by the row of posts, the posts and cavities between them cooperate to resonate and produce radiation in the visible spectrum (or even higher). A plurality of such rows of different geometries are formed by either etching or plating from a single metal layer such that the charged particle beam will yield different visible light frequencies (i.e., different colors) using different ones of the rows.

Abstract: A nano-resonating structure constructed and adapted to couple energy from a beam of charged particles into said nano-resonating structure and to transmit coupled energy outside the nano-resonating structure. A plurality of the nano-resonant substructures may be formed adjacent one another in a stacked array, and each may have various shapes, including segmented portions of shaped structures, circular, semi-circular, oval, square, rectangular, semi-rectangular, C-shaped, U-shaped and other shapes as well as designs having a segmented outer surface or area, and arranged in a vertically stacked array comprised of one or more ultra-small resonant structures. The vertically stacked arrays may be symmetric or asymmetric, tilted, and/or staggered.

Abstract: An array of ultra-small structures of between ones of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size that can be energized to produce at least two different frequencies of out put energy or data, with the ultra small structures being formed on a single conductive layer on a substrate. The array can include one row of different ultra small structures, multiple rows of ultra small structures, with each row containing identical structures, or multiple rows of a variety of structures that can produce all spectrums of energy or combinations thereof, including visible light.

Abstract: A multi-frequency receiver for receiving plural frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light) using a beam of charged particles shared between plural resonant structures. The direction of the beam of charged particles is selectively controlled by at least one deflector. The beam of charged particles passing near the resonant structure is altered on at least one characteristic as a result the presence of the electric field induced on the corresponding resonant structure. Alterations in the beam of charged particles are thus correlated to data values encoded by the electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: Nanoantennas are formed on a substrate (e.g., silicon) and generate light via interactions with a charged particle beam, where the frequency of the generated light is based in large part on the periodicity of the “fingers” that make up the nanoantennas. Each finger has typical dimensions of less than 100 nm on the shorter side and typically less than 500 nm on the longer, but the size of the optimal longer side is determined by the electron velocity. The charged particle may be an electron beam or any other source of charged particles. By utilizing fine-line lithography on the surface of the substrate, the nanoantennas can be formed without the need for complicated silicon devices.

Abstract: An electronic receiver for decoding data encoded into light is described. The light is received at an ultra-small resonant structure. The resonant structure generates an electric field in response to the incident light. An electron beam passing near the resonant structure is altered on at least one characteristic as a result of the electric field. Data is encoded into the light by a characteristic that is seen in the electric field during resonance and therefore in the electron beam as it passes the electric field. Alterations in the electron beam are thus correlated to data values encoded into the light.

Abstract: A device includes an integrated circuit (IC) and at least one ultra-small resonant structure and a detection mechanism are formed on said IC. At least the ultra-small resonant structure portion of the device is vacuum packaged. The ultra-small resonant structure includes a plasmon detector having a transmission line. The detector mechanism includes a generator mechanism constructed and adapted to generate a beam of charged particles along a path adjacent to the transmission line; and a detector microcircuit disposed along said path, at a location after said beam has gone past said line, wherein the generator mechanism and the detector microcircuit are disposed adjacent transmission line and wherein a beam of charged particles from the generator mechanism to the detector microcircuit electrically couples a plasmon wave traveling along the metal transmission line to the microcircuit. The detector mechanism may be electrically connected to the underlying IC.

Abstract: Test apparatus for examining the operation and functioning of ultra-small resonant structures, and specifically using an SEM as the testing device and its electron beam as an exciting source of charged particles to cause the ultra-small resonant structures to resonate and produce EMR.

Abstract: Nanoantennas are formed on a substrate (e.g., silicon) and generate light via interactions with a charged particle beam, where the frequency of the generated light is based in large part on the periodicity of the “fingers” that make up the nanoantennas. Each finger has typical dimensions of less than 100 nm on the shorter side and typically less than 500 nm on the longer, but the size of the optimal longer side is determined by the electron velocity. The charged particle may be an electron beam or any other source of charged particles. By utilizing fine-line lithography on the surface of the substrate, the nanoantennas can be formed without the need for complicated silicon devices.

Abstract: A multi-frequency receiver for receiving plural frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light) using a beam of charged particles shared between plural resonant structures. The direction of the beam of charged particles is selectively controlled by at least one deflector. The beam of charged particles passing near the resonant structure is altered on at least one characteristic as a result the presence of the electric field induced on the corresponding resonant structure. Alterations in the beam of charged particles are thus correlated to data values encoded by the electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: An array of ultra-small structures of between ones of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size that can be energized to produce at least two different frequencies of out put energy or data, with the ultra small structures being formed on a single conductive layer on a substrate. The array can include one row of different ultra small structures, multiple rows of ultra small structures, with each row containing identical structures, or multiple rows of a variety of structures that can produce all spectrums of energy or combinations thereof, including visible light.

Abstract: A nano-resonating structure constructed and adapted to couple energy from a beam of charged particles into said nano-resonating structure and to transmit coupled energy outside the nano-resonating structure. A plurality of the nano-resonant substructures may be formed adjacent one another in a stacked array, and each may have various shapes, including segmented portions of shaped structures, circular, semi-circular, oval, square, rectangular, semi-rectangular, C-shaped, U-shaped and other shapes as well as designs having a segmented outer surface or area, and arranged in a vertically stacked array comprised of one or more ultra-small resonant structures. The vertically stacked arrays may be symmetric or asymmetric, tilted, and/or staggered.

Abstract: A device includes an integrated circuit (IC) and at least one ultra-small resonant structure and a detection mechanism are formed on said IC. At least the ultra-small resonant structure portion of the device is vacuum packaged. The ultra-small resonant structure includes a plasmon detector having a transmission line. The detector mechanism includes a generator mechanism constructed and adapted to generate a beam of charged particles along a path adjacent to the transmission line; and a detector microcircuit disposed along said path, at a location after said beam has gone past said line, wherein the generator mechanism and the detector microcircuit are disposed adjacent transmission line and wherein a beam of charged particles from the generator mechanism to the detector microcircuit electrically couples a plasmon wave traveling along the metal transmission line to the microcircuit. The detector mechanism may be electrically connected to the underlying IC.

Abstract: Test apparatus for examining the operation and functioning of ultra-small resonant structures, and specifically using an SEM as the testing device and its electron beam as an exciting source of charged particles to cause the ultra-small resonant structures to resonate and produce EMR.

Abstract: An electronic receiver for decoding data encoded into light is described. The light is received at an ultra-small resonant structure. The resonant structure generates an electric field in response to the incident light. An electron beam passing near the resonant structure is altered on at least one characteristic as a result of the electric field. Data is encoded into the light by a characteristic that is seen in the electric field during resonance and therefore in the electron beam as it passes the electric field. Alterations in the electron beam are thus correlated to data values encoded into the light.

Abstract: A device for determining the state of a magnetic element includes an emitter constructed and adapted to emit a charged particle beam; a bi-state magnetic cell disposed on a path of the particle beam, whereby the particle beam is deflected along a first deflection path when the cell is in a first magnetic state, and the particle beam is deflected along a second deflection path, distinct from the first deflection path, when the cell is in a second magnetic state. At least one ultra-small resonant structure positioned on the deflection paths.

Abstract: We describe a process to produce ultra-small structures of between ones of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size, in which the structures are compact, nonporous and exhibit smooth vertical surfaces. Such processing is accomplished with pulsed electroplating techniques using ultra-short pulses in a controlled and predictable manner.

Abstract: We describe an ultra-small structure and a method of producing the same. The structures produce visible light of varying frequency, from a single metallic layer. In one example, a row of metallic posts are etched or plated on a substrate according to a particular geometry. When a charged particle beam passed close by the row of posts, the posts and cavities between them cooperate to resonate and produce radiation in the visible spectrum (or even higher). A plurality of such rows of different geometries are formed by either etching or plating from a single metal layer such that the charged particle beam will yield different visible light frequencies (i.e., different colors) using different ones of the rows.