Abstract: A system includes an onboard device and a ground device. The onboard device incorporates a geolocation device, a plurality of sensors and at least one shaping module for the raw measurement signals delivered by one or more of said sensors to generate at least one formatted signal. The ground device incorporates a computer able to analyze said at least one formatted signal, to generate at least one indicator relative to the track and/or the rolling stock, said indicator making it possible to detect damage and monitor its variations so as to optimize maintenance of the track and/or rolling stock. The computer is a damage module able to compute said damage indicator from said at least one formatted signal and a model of the monitored damage type.