Abstract: Embodiments described herein provide devices, such as panels, arrays, modules, and/or assemblies, for providing electrical energy, as well as methods for forming the aforementioned devices. In some embodiments, the panels, arrays, and/or assemblies may convert light to electrical energy via the photovoltaic effect. In other embodiments, the panels, arrays, and/or assemblies may convert stored chemical energy to electrical energy via a voltaic process. In other embodiments, the panels, arrays, and/or assemblies may store electrical energy via a capacitance effect. In other embodiments, the panels, arrays, and/or assemblies may collect and/or convert thermal energy and/or magnetic energy to electric energy.