Abstract: A process for the preparation of Li4Ti5O12 by a novel, low-cost route from titanium tetrachloride is described. In the process disclosed herein, conditions have been discovered which result in the preparation of Li4Ti5O12 having a high purity and a high surface area. These properties are useful for good performance in a lithium ion battery.

Abstract: This invention provides processes for inhibiting the formation of copper oxides on substantially oxide-free copper surfaces by contacting a substantially oxide-free copper surface with a bifunctional ligand that contains both a metal-coordinating group and a tertiary amine group in an aqueous solution of pH about 2 to about 5.5. A thin layer of the bifunctional ligand formed by coordination of the dialkylaminoacetonitrile to the copper surface can be removed by heating under vacuum to regenerate a substantially oxide-free copper surface.

Abstract: This invention provides processes for inhibiting the formation of copper oxides on substantially oxide-free copper surfaces by contacting a substantially oxide-free copper surface with a bifunctional ligand that contains both a metal-coordinating group and a tertiary amine group in an aqueous solution of pH about 2 to about 5.5. A thin layer of the bifunctional ligand formed by coordination of the dialkylaminoacetonitrile to the copper surface can be removed by heating under vacuum to regenerate a substantially oxide-free copper surface.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing glycolic acid from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. More specifically, heat-treated formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide are reacted to produce glycolonitrile having low concentrations of impurities. The glycolonitrile is subsequently converted to an aqueous solution of ammonium glycolate using an enzyme catalyst having nitrilase activity derived from Acidovorax facilis 72W (ATCC 57746). Glycolic acid is recovered in the form of the acid or salt from the aqueous ammonium glycolate solution using a variety of methods described herein.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing glycolic acid from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. More specifically, heat-treated formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide are reacted to produce glycolonitrile having low concentrations of impurities. The glycolonitrile is subsequently converted to an aqueous solution of ammonium glycolate using an enzyme catalyst having nitrilase activity derived from Acidovorax facilis 72W (ATCC 57746). Glycolic acid is recovered in the form of the acid or salt from the aqueous ammonium glycolate solution using a variety of methods described herein.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing glycolic acid from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. More specifically, heat-treated formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide are reacted to produce glycolonitrile having low concentrations of impurities. The glycolonitrile is subsequently converted to an aqueous solution of ammonium glycolate using an enzyme catalyst having nitrilase activity derived from Acidovorax facilis 72W (ATCC 57746). Glycolic acid is recovered in the form of the acid or salt from the aqueous ammonium glycolate solution using a variety of methods described herein.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing glycolic acid from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. More specifically, heat-treated formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide are reacted to produce glycolonitrile having low concentrations of impurities. The glycolonitrile is subsequently converted to an aqueous solution of ammonium glycolate using an enzyme catalyst having nitrilase activity derived from Acidovorax facilis 72W (ATCC 57746). Glycolic acid is recovered in the form of the acid or salt from the aqueous ammonium glycolate solution using a variety of methods described herein.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing glycolic acid from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. More specifically, heat-treated formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide are reacted to produce glycolonitrile having low concentrations of impurities. The glycolonitrile is subsequently converted to an aqueous solution of ammonium glycolate using an enzyme catalyst having nitrilase activity derived from Acidovorax facilis 72W (ATCC 57746). Glycolic acid is recovered in the form of the acid or salt from the aqueous ammonium glycolate solution using a variety of methods described herein.

Abstract: Processes are provided for inhibiting the formation of copper oxides on substantially oxide-free copper surfaces by contacting a substantially oxide-free copper surface with a pyrazoline ligand in an aqueous solution of pH 2-5. A thin layer of the ligand formed by coordination of 2-pyrazoline or 1-methyl-2-pyrazoline to the copper surface can be easily removed by exposure to a reducing plasma to regenerate a substantially oxide-free copper surface.

Abstract: This invention provides processes for inhibiting the formation of copper oxides on substantially oxide-free copper surfaces by contacting a substantially oxide-free copper surface with a bifunctional ligand that contains both a metal-coordinating group and a tertiary amine group in an aqueous solution of pH about 2 to about 5.5. A thin layer of the bifunctional ligand formed by coordination of the dialkylaminoacetonitrile to the copper surface can be removed by heating under vacuum to re-generate a substantially oxide-free copper surface.

Abstract: Atomic layer deposition processes for the formation of metal-containing films on surfaces are provided.

Abstract: Provided are novel 1,3-diimine copper complexes, and processes for using 1,3-diimine copper complexes in the deposition of copper on substrates, or in or on porous solids, by atomic layer deposition.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing glycolic acid from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. More specifically, heat-treated formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide are reacted to produce glycolonitrile having low concentrations of impurities. The glycolonitrile is subsequently converted to an aqueous solution of ammonium glycolate using an enzyme catalyst having nitrilase activity derived from Acidovorax facilis 72W (ATCC 57746). Glycolic acid is recovered in the form of the acid or salt from the aqueous ammonium glycolate solution using a variety of methods described herein.

Abstract: Atomic layer deposition processes for the formation of tantalum-containing films on surfaces are provided. Also provided are novel tantalum complexes that can be used as tantalum precursors in the disclosed deposition processes.

Abstract: Various methods are provided for the enzymatic production of glycolic acid from glycolonitrile. These methods include: 1) use of Acidovorax facilis 72W nitrilase mutants having improved nitrilase activity for converting glycolonitrile to glycolic acid, and 2) methods to improve catalyst stability and/or productivity. The methods to improve catalyst stability/productivity include use of reaction stabilizers, running the reactions under substantially oxygen free conditions, and controlling the concentration of substrate in the reaction mixture.

Abstract: This invention is directed to processes for the formation of ruthenium-containing films on surfaces in atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes. The ALD process includes depositing a surface-activating group on the surface; exposing the deposit of the surface-activating complex to a ruthenium precursor to form a deposited ruthenium complex on the surface; and reacting the deposited ruthenium complex with a reducing agent to form a ruthenium-containing film on the surface. This invention is also directed to ruthenium complexes, RuL2L*, that can be used as ruthenium precursors in these processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel 1,3-diimines and 1,3-diimine copper complexes and the use of 1,3-diimine copper complexes for the deposition of copper on substrates or in or on porous solids in an atomic layer deposition process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel atomic layer deposition process for the formation of copper films on substrates or in or on porous solids in an atomic layer deposition process.

Abstract: Various methods are provided for the enzymatic production of glycolic acid from glycolonitrile. These methods include: 1) use of Acidovorax facilis 72W nitrilase mutants having improved nitrilase activity for converting glycolonitrile to glycolic acid, and 2) methods to improve catalyst stability and/or productivity. The methods to improve catalyst stability/productivity include use of reaction stabilizers, running the reactions under substantially oxygen free conditions, and controlling the concentration of substrate in the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing glycolic acid from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. More specifically, heat-treated formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide are reacted to produce glycolonitrile having low concentrations of impurities. The glycolonitrile is subsequently converted to an aqueous solution of ammonium glycolate using an enzyme catalyst having nitrilase activity derived from Acidovorax facilis 72W (ATCC 57746). Glycolic acid is recovered in the form of the acid or salt from the aqueous ammonium glycolate solution using a variety of methods described herein.