Abstract: The present invention concerns electrode catalysts used in fuel cells, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The invention is related to the reduction of the noble metal content and the improvement of the catalytic efficiency by low level substitution of the noble metal to provide new and innovative catalyst compositions in fuel cell electrodes. The novel electrode catalysts of the invention comprise a noble metal selected from Pt, Pd and mixtures thereof alloyed with a further element selected from Sc, Y and La as well as any mixtures thereof, wherein said alloy is supported on a conductive support material.

Abstract: The present invention concerns electrode catalysts used in fuel cells, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The invention is related to the reduction of the noble metal content and the improvement of the catalytic efficiency by low level substitution of the noble metal to provide new and innovative catalyst compositions in fuel cell electrodes. The novel electrode catalysts of the invention comprise a noble metal selected from Pt, Pd and mixtures thereof alloyed with a further element selected from Sc, Y and La as well as any mixtures thereof, wherein said alloy is supported on a conductive support material.

Abstract: A computer employs an operating system to perform a RAM conserving method that includes allocating a first portion of RAM for use as a RAM disk. The method comprises the steps of: storing an executable procedure comprising a plurality of sequentially executable code segments in the RAM disk, with code segments comprising the procedure stored at non-sequential addresses within the RAM disk and maintaining a file of RAM disk addresses where the sequential code segments are stored. The procedure then allocates a second portion of RAM as a procedure execution space and, in preparing to execute an executable procedure, stores in the procedure execution space, RAM disk addresses of code segments in the order they will execute during the executable procedure. The operating system then executes the executable procedure by employing the RAM disk code segment addresses in the executable space to access sequentially code segments from the RAM disk as required during execution of the executable procedure.