Abstract: An apparatus for a unique wind tunnel useable for testing aerospace specific sensors and probes is presented. The apparatus utilizes an effective variable nozzle, allows testing of aerospace devices over a near infinite Mach and Reynolds numbers in subsonic flow. The variable nozzle allows for quick and easy adjustment over a minimum 1×10{circumflex over (?)}7 range of Reynolds number conditions from flow velocity of Mach 0.01 to 0.99. The optimal design of the apparatus allows for adaptation to different size test tunnels, using existing facilities to reduce cost, enabling various aerospace design applications. The apparatus of the present invention, provides a highly variable test environment in order to improve the development of advanced aerospace sensors, including benefits such as: development of flow sensors to prevent compressor stall; development of optical sensors to optimize turbine and compressor airflow; and, development of temperature sensors to increase efficiency of turbine engine operation.

Abstract: An apparatus for a unique wind tunnel useable for testing various aerospace specific sensors and probes is presented. The wind tunnel apparatus as presented utilizes an effective variable nozzle and thus allows for the testing of such aerospace devices over a near infinite Mach and Reynolds numbers in subsonic flow. The variable nozzle allows for quick and easy adjustment over a minimum 1×10?7 range of Reynolds number conditions from flow velocity of Mach 0.01 to 0.99. The optimal design of the wind tunnel also allows for adaptation to different size test tunnels, using existing facilities to reduce cost, thus enabling various aerospace design applications.

Abstract: A method for determining the presence or amount of a metal-labelled species in a sample may include causing the metal of the metal-labelled species in the sample to form a soluble electrochemically-active complex which is stable relative to moieties present or potentially present in the sample which will form an insoluble and/or electrochemically-inactive complex with the metal, and electrochemically measuring the formed complex to provide an indication of the presence or amount of the metal-labelled species.

Abstract: A method for determining the presence or amount of a metal-labelled species in a sample may include causing the metal of the metal-labelled species in the sample to form a soluble electrochemically-active complex which is stable relative to moieties present or potentially present in the sample which will form an insoluble and/or electrochemically-inactive complex with the metal, and electrochemically measuring the formed complex to provide an indication of the presence or amount of the metal-labelled species.

Abstract: An electrochemical biosensor for quantifying one or more redox species in a liquid sample comprising a background electrochemical activity, wherein said biosensor comprises: (i) an electrode system; (ii) a filter means comprising a sample loading position; and (iii) a charge transfer surface between said filter means and said electrode system; wherein said filter means separates said sample loading position from said charge transfer surface by an amount of filter material capable of providing a tangential peak height for said background electrochemical activity of less than 30% of the tangential peak height for said redox species; and said biosensor comprises an intermediate layer between said filter means and said charge transfer surface, wherein said intermediate layer has a lower energy requirement to transfer said liquid sample to said charge transfer surface than said filter material.

Abstract: An electrochemical biosensor for quantifying one or more redox species in a liquid sample comprising a background electrochemical activity, wherein said biosensor comprises:

Abstract: A composite electrode, comprising:a solid non-metallic substrate, (such as ceramic, glass, or epoxy resin,)and, bonded directly or indirectly to said substrate,a non-conducting matrix, incorporating particles which are accessible to the electrode surface and contain an insoluble metal salt (e.g. halide) in direct electrical contact with the metal corresponding to said salt, said metal being present either (i) in the form of metallic particles incorporated in a non-conducting matrix zone disposed so that said metal salt-containing particles are located between said metallic particles and said electrode surface, and/or (ii) a solid metallic surface in the form of an intermediate layer between said matrix and said substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical reaction wherein a controlled amount of a first reagent is generated electrochemically at an electrode in electrical contact with a solution of an electrochemically inert salt, comprising applying a suitable electrical potential to the electrode for a suitable time to generate a controlled amount of the first reagent by electrochemical reaction between the electrode and a species in solution producing a localized thin layer environment comprising the first reagent in the vicinity of the electrode; and monitoring the amount or presence of the first reagent or a further species produced in solution in response to production of the first reagent. The method invention thus involves generating the first reagent in situ at an electrode.

Abstract: A testing device for qualitatively or quantitatively sensing an electrochemical or analogous reaction at the surface of a test strip (46), the current flowing or charge accumulated at the test strip being processed by electronics (50) to generate a current signal suitable for activating a display (52) typically in the form of a thermochromic layer.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical reaction wherein a controlled amount of a first reagent is generated electrochemically at an electrode in electrical contact with a solution of an electrochemically inert salt, comprising applying a suitable electrical potential to the electrode for a suitable time to generate a controlled amount of the first reagent by electrochemical reaction between the electrode and a species in solution producing a localized thin layer environment comprising the first reagent in the vicinity of the electrode; and monitoring the amount or presence of the first reagent or a further species produced in solution in response to production of the first reagent. The method invention thus involves generating the first reagent in situ at an electrode.

Abstract: A method for the electrochemical determination of the reducing sugars content of an aqueous solution in a thin layer electrochemical measuring device, preferably a capillary fill device, wherein an inner surface of the device is coated with a soluble redox mediator, the device including means for producing an alkaline environment within the device. In a preferred method the redox mediator comprises potassium ferricyanide providing ferricyanide ions in saturated solution and lithium hydroxide providing hydroxide ions in an excess amount of from 1 to 3 molar. The invention also provides a capillary fill device having a guard electrode between the reference and working electrodes.

Abstract: A bicycle seat including two support portions immovably mounted on a support member. The top surface is curved in a particular manner.