Abstract: A system for electrically stimulating one or more muscle groups includes a processor-readable storage medium storing, in association with each of at least one muscle group, digital exertion data representative of one or more action potentials captured during an exertion regime from the muscle group of a respective subject; a signal generator for generating electrical stimulation signals; processing structure configured to automatically retrieve digital exertion data from the processor-readable storage medium and to automatically cause the signal generator to generate new electrical stimulation signals based on the digital exertion data; and a signal distributor for conveying the new electrical stimulation signals from the signal generator to one or more respective muscle groups of at least one different subject.

Abstract: A system for electrically stimulating one or more muscle groups includes a processor-readable storage medium storing, in association with each of at least one muscle group, digital exertion data representative of one or more action potentials captured during an exertion regime from the muscle group of a respective subject; a signal generator for generating electrical stimulation signals; processing structure configured to automatically retrieve digital exertion data from the processor-readable storage medium and to automatically cause the signal generator to generate new electrical stimulation signals based on the digital exertion data; and a signal distributor for conveying the new electrical stimulation signals from the signal generator to one or more respective muscle groups of at least one different subject.

Abstract: Aircraft wings, aircraft, and related methods. Aircraft wings include a spoiler constructed substantially of a monolithic structural body with an upper side that defines a portion of an airfoil surface of an aircraft wing. The monolithic structural body further includes a lower side, opposite the upper side, that includes a plurality of stiffening ribs that define a plurality of open voids. Methods of constructing a spoiler for an aircraft wing include forming a monolithic structural body of the spoiler.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for making high purity and preferably oxygen free substantially void free and inclusion free copper castings such as billets from high purity copper. The castings are particularly useful to make sputtering targets used in sputtering deposition processes in the fabrication of electronic components. The method comprises melting high purity copper in a covered crucible using a non-contaminating heating source such as a coil induction furnace. The melted copper in the crucible is solidified using a specially controlled cooling procedure wherein the bottom of the crucible is cooled so that molten copper is maintained on top of solidified and solidifying copper until the copper is solidified.