Abstract: Biomass pretreatment using anhydrous ammonia is effective in a static reactor vessel when the ammonia can penetrate through the biomass particles or pieces in vapor state, and when biomass is continuously fed and moved through the reactor. To achieve this condition, total system moisture content is kept below 40 weight % based on total mass in the system. The pretreated biomass product is effectively saccharified to produce fermentable sugars for biocatalyst production of a product.

Abstract: Biomass pretreatment using anhydrous ammonia was found to be effective in a static vessel when the ammonia can penetrate through the biomass particles or pieces in vapor state. To achieve this condition, total system moisture content is kept below 40 weight % based on total mass in the system. The pretreated biomass product is effectively saccharified to produce fermentable sugars for biocatalyst production of a product.

Abstract: An improved process, such as a microbiological or enzymatic process, and apparatus, such as an apparatus for producing a cellular product, comprising introducing a gaseous feed stream of at least one gas of low solubility into an aqueous medium containing a microorganism capable of converting said gaseous feed stream to a cellular product, entraining the gas in the aqueous medium, stirring the gas-entrained aqueous medium so that the gas is retained within the reactor for a time sufficient for the microorganism to convert the majority of the gas to product.

Abstract: An improved process, such as a microbiological or enzymatic process, and apparatus, such as an apparatus for producing a cellular product, comprising introducing a gaseous feed stream of at least one gas of low solubility into an aqueous medium containing a microorganism capable of converting said gaseous feed stream to a cellular product, entraining the gas in the aqueous medium, stirring the gas-entrained aqueous medium so that the gas is retained within the reactor for a time sufficient for the microorganism to convert the majority of the gas to product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a three dimensional batt comprising at least 70 vol. % randomly-oriented ultramicrocellular fibers mutually adhered with a thermoset adhesive binder.

Abstract: A water flow monitoring system for determining the presence of leaks in plumbing pipes having water flowing through the pipes under high pressure includes a flow monitor which is mounted to the pipe for sensing the flow of water through the pipe. A controller composed of a timer and/or accumulated volume meter associated with the flow monitor, to determine when the flow has continued for a preselected period of time, and/or when the amount of water has exceeded a preselected accumulated volume threshold, and logic components responsive to changes in flow rate. Upon detection of flow for the preselected period of time, and/or preselected accumulated volume threshold, a valve is actuated to stop flow through the pipe.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of poly(urethaneurea) fibers by reacting a blocked aliphatic diamine with a capped glycol prepolymer, followed by extrusion spinning, is provided.