Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters from fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats with an alkaline solution dissolved in stoichiometric or near-stoichiometric levels of a monoalkyl alcohol to form a mixture. The method further comprises emulsifying the mixture as a means to reach a completed chemical reaction state in a reactor section, wherein the oils or fats are transesterified into fatty acid alkyl esters. The transesterification occurs when the natural boundary surfaces of the immiscible mixture are enlarged by ultrasonic cavitation in the reaction section and the transesterification is performed at, or near atmospheric pressure. The method finally includes, after reaching the chemical reaction state, separating residues from the fatty acid alkyl ester in a gravitational phase separation section.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters from fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats with an alkaline solution dissolved in stoichiometric or near stoichiometric levels of a monoalkyl alcohol to form a mixture. The method further comprises emulsifying the mixture as a means to reach a completed chemical reaction state in a reactor section, wherein the oils or fats are transesterified into fatty acid alkyl esters. The transesterification occurs when the natural boundary surfaces of the immiscible mixture are enlarged by ultrasonic cavitation in the reaction section and the transesterification is performed at, or near atmospheric pressure. The method finally includes, after reaching the chemical reaction state, separating residues from the fatty acid alkyl ester in a gravitational phase separation section.

Abstract: A plurality of methods of training golf putting skills are provided, namely to assist a golfer in developing a pendulum-type swing, improving a sweet spot type putting shot, reducing tendencies to push or pull shots, and improving follow through. An apparatus for training a plurality of golf putting skills and being adapted to connect to a shaft of a golf putting club is also provided. The apparatus preferably includes a housing and an optical transmitter positioned in the housing for transmitting light therefrom. Light pattern configurator is associated with the housing for selectively configuring the transmitted light into either a line pattern of light or a spot pattern of light. The apparatus also preferably includes shaft mounting device connected to the housing for adjustably and detachably connecting the housing to the shaft of a golf putting club.

Abstract: A plurality of methods of training golf putting skills are provided, namely to assist a golfer in developing a pendulum-type swing, improving a sweet spot type putting shot, reducing tendencies to push or pull shots, and improving follow through. An apparatus for training a plurality of golf putting skills and being adapted to connect to a shaft of a golf putting club is also provided. The apparatus preferably includes a housing and an optical transmitter positioned in the housing for transmitting light therefrom. Light pattern configurator is associated with the housing for selectively configuring the transmitted light into either a line pattern of light or a spot pattern of light. The apparatus also preferably includes shaft mounting device connected to the housing for adjustably and detachably connecting the housing to the shaft of a golf putting club.

Abstract: A method of training golf putting skills is provided which is related to improving a sweet-spot type swing for a golfer. The method preferably includes determining a sweet spot of the head of a golf putting club, positioning a light projecting apparatus on a proximal end portion of a golf putting club, and downwardly projecting a beam of light from the apparatus positioned on the proximal end portion of the golf putting club onto a putting surface so as to form a line of light positioned substantially perpendicular to and extending outwardly a substantial distance prior to and a substantial distance away from the sweet spot of the head of the golf putting club. The method also preferably includes performing a pendulum-type swing on either a real or imaginary ball and attempting to maintain the line of light so that it passes over the center of the ball and remains there throughout the stroke until ball contact is made.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods are provided for treating a workpiece such as a shoe component. The workpiece treating apparatus preferably includes a transporter for transporting a workpiece along a predetermined path of travel and a storage device for storing a plurality of predetermined parameters of each of a plurality of workpieces. A workpiece identifier is positioned responsive to the storage device for identifying the workpiece during travel along the predetermined path. A workpiece treatment applicator is positioned adjacent the transporter and responsive to the workpiece identifier for applying a treatment a workpiece being transported along the predetermined path of travel. A workpiece treatment position determiner preferably is positioned responsive to the workpiece identifier for continuously determining the position of the workpiece treatment applicator along a predetermined trajectory during treatment of the workpiece.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods are provided for treating a workpiece such as a shoe component. The workpiece treating apparatus preferably includes a transporter for transporting a workpiece along a predetermined path of travel and a storage device for storing a plurality of predetermined parameters of each of a plurality of workpieces. A workpiece identifier is positioned responsive to the storage device for identifying the workpiece during travel along the predetermined path. A workpiece treatment applicator is positioned adjacent the transporter and responsive to the workpiece identifier for applying a treatment a workpiece being transported along the predetermined path of travel. A workpiece treatment position determiner preferably is positioned responsive to the workpiece identifier for continuously determining the position of the workpiece treatment applicator along a predetermined trajectory during treatment of the workpiece.

Abstract: A plurality of methods of training golf putting skills are provided, namely to assist a golfer in developing a pendulum-type swing, improving a sweet spot type putting shot, reducing tendencies to push or pull shots, and improving follow through. An apparatus for training a plurality of golf putting skills and being adapted to connect to a shaft of a golf putting club is also provided. The apparatus preferably includes a housing and an optical transmitter positioned in the housing for transmitting light therefrom. Light pattern configurator is associated with the housing for selectively configuring the transmitted light into either a line pattern of light or a spot pattern of light. The apparatus also preferably includes shaft mounting device connected to the housing for adjustably and detachably connecting the housing to the shaft of a golf putting club.