Abstract: Concurrency control between multiple data transactions involving the same data includes comparing the version identifications which uniquely identify versions of the data during a read request and during a write request of a data transaction. An exception is thrown if the version identifications do not match, and the exception is handled within the data transaction.

Abstract: Importation of data records organized within tables from a source system to a target system while preserving relationships among data records of the tables when record identification values identifying each data record have been changed during importation includes, using the same database query on an entire table to update each record identification references that refers to a data record in another table.

Abstract: A technology for bi-directional synchronization between at least two entities. Examples of entities include databases, operating system files, applications, email, etc. The two entities can communicate using any appropriate protocol and the two entities can be provided by different vendors using different designs. The synchronization technology includes an Application Programming Interface that enables developers to provide synchronization functionality as an integral part of their distributed applications. Additionally, conflict resolution during synchronization can be customized to suit the particular application. The synchronization technology allows for the management of data anywhere and enables developers to distribute application data and code across multiple tiered environments to applications and users located anywhere.