Abstract: Provided herein are methods and compositions for the treatment of cancer by modulating the microbiome to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. The microbiome may be modulated by the administration of butyrate and/or butyrate-producing bacteria. Also provided herein are methods of determining a response to an immune checkpoint inhibitor by identifying if a subject has a favorable microbial profile.

Abstract: The current disclosure provides for novel therapeutic methods by identifying patient populations that may be treated effectively by immunotherapies. It was found that responders of immunotherapeutic treatments have a higher amount of B-cell exosomes in their blood than non-responders. Aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy after B-cell exosomes have been detected in a biological sample from the subject.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and compositions for the treatment of cancer by modulating the microbiome to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. The microbiome may be modulated by the administration of butyrate and/or butyrate-producing bacteria. Also provided herein are methods of determining a response to an immune checkpoint inhibitor by identifying if a subject has a favorable microbial profile.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and compositions for treating immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated colitis in a subject comprising administering fecal matter from a healthy donor to the subject. Further aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of treating immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated colitis in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising at least one isolated or purified population of bacteria belonging to one or more of the genera Escherichia, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae, Blautia, Tyzzerella, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Colinsella, and Fusicatenibacter.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and compositions for treating cancer and for predicting a subjects' response to combination checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Abstract: Methods are provided for identifying donors of fecal matter that can improve a subject's response to a checkpoint inhibitor in the treatment of cancer. Methods and compositions are also provided for using donated fecal matter in the treatment of cancer.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for the treatment of BRAF-mutant cancer with targeted therapies including androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER1) agonists, and/or MYC inhibitors. The therapies may be combined with BRAF and MEK-targeted therapy and/or immune checkpoint blockade.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and compositions for the treatment of cancer by modulating the microbiome to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. The microbiome may be modulated by the administration of butyrate and/or butyrate-producing bacteria. Also provided herein are methods of determining a response to an immune checkpoint inhibitor by identifying if a subject has a favorable microbial profile.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for identifying a subject as a responder or non-responder to immune checkpoint blockade by detecting a B cell signature. Further provided herein are methods for treating cancer by administering immune checkpoint blockade therapy to a subject identified to have a B cell signature.