Abstract: A dual-sided electrode pad assembly is configured to be placed upon a patient's skin and includes an upper conductive gel layer, a middle conductive layer comprising a highly conductive foil, a highly conductive plastic film or a gel with suspended highly conductive particles, and a lower conductive gel layer. The upper and lower conductive gel layer comprise hydrogel, silicone or hydrocolloid. A removable upper and lower protective liner are disposed on the upper and lower conductive gel layers, wherein the upper and lower protective liners are larger in surface area in comparison to the upper conductive gel layer, the middle highly conductive layer and the lower conductive gel layer. The middle highly conductive layer may be smaller in surface area in comparison to the upper and lower conductive gel layers allowing a perimeter edge of the upper and lower conductive gel layers to be disposed past a perimeter edge of the middle highly conductive layer.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a connector and contact with a flexible member top side for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. An oversize non-conductive flexible sheet covers the conductive flexible member top and the connector and a highly conductive ink pattern is disposed on a conductive flexible member bottom side. A moderately high conductive hydrogel adhesive disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side and covering the conductive ink pattern is provided for adhering the electrode to a patient's skin. Lateral conductivity and conformability of the electrode is controlled by cutouts in and thickness of the conductive flexible member and/or the conductive adhesive.

Abstract: A dual-sided electrode pad assembly is configured to be placed upon a patient's skin and includes an upper conductive gel layer, a middle conductive layer comprising a highly conductive foil, a highly conductive plastic film or a gel with suspended highly conductive particles, and a lower conductive gel layer. The upper and lower conductive gel layer comprise hydrogel, silicone or hydrocolloid. A removable upper and lower protective liner are disposed on the upper and lower conductive gel layers, wherein the upper and lower protective liners are larger in surface area in comparison to the upper conductive gel layer, the middle highly conductive layer and the lower conductive gel layer. The middle highly conductive layer may be smaller in surface area in comparison to the upper and lower conductive gel layers allowing a perimeter edge of the upper and lower conductive gel layers to be disposed past a perimeter edge of the middle highly conductive layer.

Abstract: A field controlling electrode for providing transcutaneous nerve and/or muscle stimulation to a user's body includes a conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side. An electrically driven master electrode, in combination with the conductive flexible member, is provided for generating a current distribution in the conductive flexible member; and an electrically undriven slave electrode disposed in a spaced apart relationship with the master electrode is provided, for focusing or controlling the generated current distribution over an area of a user's body.

Abstract: A flexible transcutaneous electrical nerve and/or stimulation electrode includes a conductive fabric and a flexible conductive adhesive with a barrier portion surrounding a perimeter of the fabric for preventing extending and/or extendable frays of the fabric from extending exterior to the adhesive. An electrical lead wire interconnects the conductive fabric with an electrical stimulation device and a non-conductive sheet is disposed on another side of the conductive fabric for preventing undesirable electrical contact with the conductive fabric and providing a border seal.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a conductive member having a top and a bottom side and a plurality of cutouts establishing a pattern of islands interconnected by conductive member bridges. A plurality of island electrodes are provided with each island electrode disposed on a corresponding island. A conductive adhesive is disposed on the conductive member bottom side for adhering the medical electrode to a patient's skin.

Abstract: A field controlling electrode for providing transcutaneous nerve and/or muscle stimulation to a user's body includes a conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side. An electrically driven master electrode, in combination with the conductive flexible member, is provided for generating a current distribution in the conductive flexible member; and an electrically undriven slave electrode disposed in a spaced apart relationship with the master electrode is provided, for focusing or controlling the generated current distribution over an area of a user's body.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a conductive member having a top and a bottom side and a plurality of cutouts establishing a pattern of islands interconnected by conductive member bridges. A plurality of island electrodes are provided with each island electrode disposed on a corresponding island. A conductive adhesive is disposed on the conductive member bottom side for adhering the medical electrode to a patient's skin.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a conductive member having a top and a bottom side and a plurality of cutouts establishing a pattern of islands interconnected by conductive member bridges. A plurality of island electrodes are provided with each island electrode disposed on a corresponding island. A conductive adhesive is disposed on the conductive member bottom side for adhering the medical electrode to a patient's skin.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a plurality of highly conductive patterns disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side in a spaced apart relationship. A moderately highly conductive layer disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side and covering the conductive patterns, for adhering the electrode to a patient's skin. A connector is provided for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. The connector includes a leadwire having conductive portions in electrical communication with the conductive patterns and non-conductive portions between the conductive patterns. Control over conductivity between the leadwire conductive portion and the conductive pattern is provided.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a conductive member having a top and a bottom side and a plurality of cutouts establishing a pattern of islands interconnected by conductive member bridges. A plurality of island electrodes are provided with each island electrode disposed on a corresponding island. A conductive adhesive is disposed on the conductive member bottom side for adhering the medical electrode to a patient's skin.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a plurality of highly conductive patterns disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side in a spaced apart relationship. A moderately highly conductive layer disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side and covering the conductive patterns, for adhering the electrode to a patient's skin. A connector is provided for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. The connector includes a leadwire having conductive portions in electrical communication with the conductive patterns and non-conductive portions between the conductive patterns. Control over conductivity between the leadwire conductive portion and the conductive pattern is provided.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a connector and contact with a flexible member top side for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. A non-conductive flexible sheet covers the conductive flexible member top and the connector and a highly conductive ink pattern is disposed on a conductive flexible member bottom side. A moderately high conductive hydrogel adhesive disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side and cover the conductive ink pattern is provided for adhering electrode to a patients' skin.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a connector and contact with a flexible member top side for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. An oversize non-conductive flexible sheet covers the conductive flexible member top and the connector and a highly conductive ink pattern is disposed on a conductive flexible member bottom side. A moderately high conductive hydrogel adhesive disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side and covering the conductive ink pattern is provided for adhering the electrode to a patient's skin.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a connector in contact with a flexible member for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. An oversize non-conductive flexible sheet covers the conductive flexible member top. A conductive hydrogel adhesive disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side for adhering the electrode to a patient's skin.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a connector in contact with a flexible member for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. An oversize non-conductive flexible sheet covering the conductive flexible member top utilizes concentric adhesives. A conductive hydrogel adhesive disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side for adhering the electrode to a patient's skin.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a plurality of highly conductive patterns disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side in a spaced apart relationship. A moderately highly conductive layer disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side and covering the conductive patterns, for adhering the electrode to a patient's skin. A connector is provided for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. The connector includes a leadwire having conductive portions in electrical communication with the patterns and non-conductive portions between the patterns.

Abstract: A flexible transcutaneous electrical nerve and/or stimulation electrode includes a conductive fabric and a flexible conductive adhesive with a barrier portion surrounding a perimeter of the fabric for preventing extending and/or extendable frays of the fabric from extending exterior to the adhesive. An electrical lead wire interconnects the conductive fabric with an electrical stimulation device and a non-conductive sheet is disposed on another side of the conductive fabric for preventing undesirable electrical contact with the conductive fabric and providing a border seal.

Abstract: An electrode providing electrical contact with a patient's skin includes a conductive member adapted for connection to an external electrical apparatus and a non-liquid film for electrically interfacing to said patient's skin, the liquid film being electrically and mechanically connected to said conductive member. The non-liquid film includes an electrically conductive organic polymer plasticized with a polyhydric alcohol with said organic polymer being derived from a monomeric mixture comprising from about 15 to 30 pph acrylic acid, 0.5 to 30 pph N-vinylpyrrolidone and 0.01 to 2 pph of a crosslinking agent. The monomeric mixture may further comprise from about 0.5 to 8 pph of a thickening agent selected from the group consisting of N-vinylpyrrolidone/acrylic acid copolymers, N-vinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymers, and N-vinylpyrrolidone/vinylimidazole copolymers.

Abstract: A medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a connector and contact with a flexible member top side for establishing electrical contact with an external apparatus. A non-conductive flexible sheet covers the conductive flexible member top and the connector and a highly conductive ink pattern is disposed on a conductive flexible member bottom side. A moderately high conductive hydrogel adhesive disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side and cover the conductive ink pattern is provided for adhering electrode to a patients' skin.